Aristotles Friendship Nicomachean Ethics

Aristotles Friendship Nicomachean EthicsAristotle addresses the topic of knowledge in Book 8 and 9 of his Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle makes the argu man government agencyt that friends stinker be regarded as second selves. Aristotle says that just as virtuous behavior improves an individual, friends have the potential to generate improvements upon each other(a)s lives. The main gist of Aristotles argument is on the consanguinity between intimacy and justness (102). He asserts that if tribe stay friends, they do not have any motivating for justice, but if they maintain justice, they also need companionship in addition. This paper essays that the arguments that Aristotle makes in support of this assertion is convincing. Addition on the wholey, the arguments made here explain both the honest and political importance of familiarity for Aristotle.Aristotle categorizes friendships into triplet categories friendships of utility, friendships of pleasure, and friendships of the salutary (107). He asserts that the failure or success of ones friend is just like the ones own failure or success. Friendships of pleasure are based on delight in other peoples company alone. People who drink beer together are said to be in this friendship. However, when these people no longer jazz sharing the activity, the friendship may come to an end.Friendships of utility are those friendships that are formed with no regard to the other person. When a person is buying merchandise, has to extend to the seller, but the relationship that is required is rather shallow. The only reason why such people communicate is for them to transact business. Typically, quarrels may moment in this friendship only.Friendship of the good involves the enjoyment of each others characters. As long as these friends maintain their akin characters, their relationship endures because its main motive is care for each other. This is friendship at its best, what in modern English may be referred to a s true friendship.In Book 8, Aristotle says that without friends, nobody would choose life. Even those people in possession of all the goods that they need in life, including high office, need friends. They do not perceive the use of all such prosperity without an opportunity of beneficence, which can only be exercised in its most laudable form towards friends. Similarly, it is impossible to guard prosperity without friends.Aristotle also indicates that friends are the only refuge when misfortunes and poverty draw (108). For the young, friendships are a way of avoiding straying. For older people, it is serviceable for ministering to their needs as well as supplementing the various activities that could be failing as a result of weakness.For Aristotle, friendships appear to be holding states together, and lawgivers are more careful about friendships than for justice. Since unanimity seems to be like friendship, they aim at this most of the time, and strive to boot out faction as t heir worst enemy. It is on this basis that he indicates that when men are friends, they need justice. However, when they are just, they require justice as well. The truest form of justice according to Aristotle is thought to be an enduring hearty quality (118). Friendships are considered not only necessary, but also noble, since people al shipway praise those who show grapple for their friends. It is also thought to be a great thing to have many friends.The different kinds of friendships may be unmortgageded if attention was shifted to the physical object of passion, in which case only the lovable objects can be love. Lovable objects are those that pleasant, good or useful. For this reason, friends are formed on the basis of the good and pleasure that is produced, which has to be useful. However, a clash emerges in this argument, especially in determining whether men love the good or what they consider good for them. any(prenominal) is good for a man, though, becomes the object of his friendship. The clash arises in that each man loves not just what is good, but that seems good for him. For Aristotle, this makes no difference.Aristotle poses the question of whether goodwill in itself constitutes friendship. In this case, goodwill amounts to friendship only when the feeling is reciprocated (120). This is because, many people may have goodwill for those they have not necessarily judged to be useful or good. This raises the genuine difficulty of telling who friends really are without their feelings world communicated. To be friends, then, there is a need for feelings to be mutually recognized as offeres of goodwill to each other.In terms of justice, the friendship of the good is enough proof against slander. This is because it is difficult to trust anyone except a man who has been tested by oneself. When all the things that are demanded in friendship are found, true friendship is said to exist. However, nothing prevents various evils arising, such that the assertion that he would never upon seems to be inaccurate.Considering the three forms of friendships, it is true to say that bad men will always be friends for the sake of utility or pleasure, mend good men will always be friends for their own sake, that is, for the virtue of their goodness. In the latter case, these are friends without qualifications while others are accidental friends, for whom, the only thing that they share is the similitude of needs.In efforts to explain why the truest friendship is the one that one of the good, Aristotle argues that the friendship that is without qualification pleasant or good seems to be desirable or lovable. Here, the result made is that love is merely a feeling, and friendship a state of character. The mutual love for certain choices springs from the state of character of the friends. Men tend to wish well those they love, not because of a feeling, but as a result of a certain state of character.In loving friends, men indicate their lo ve for what is good for themselves. Aristotle completes the logical analysis by saying that in becoming a friend, a man ideally becomes good to his friends (129). Each of them, then, both love what is good for himself, while at the same time making an equal return through goodwill and pleasantness. In this sense, friendship is said to be similar to the concept of equality. Incidentally, both the concepts of goodwill and pleasantness are found in the concepts of friendship and equality.Most people appear to like being loved kinda of loving, mainly because of ambition. Aristotle supports this proposition by saying that this is the reason why most men love flattery since the flatterer takes the position of inferiority in a friendship, or pretends to be such and to more be more loving than he is being loved. Most people aim at being loved since this is akin to being honored. With friendship, there is love. Therefore, friendship does a lot of justice by making everyone feel honored. If people did not the terms that bind them in various forms of friendships, there would be no need for justice.From the arguments that Aristotle makes, friendship and justice appear to be concerned with similar objects, and expressed between the same persons. In Aristotles view, there is thought to be a certain form of justice as well as friendship in every community. Friendship depends on community, and blood brothers and comrades tend to have many things in common, including, in some cases, property.Aristotle ventures into what appears like a contradiction when he says that claims of justice tend to differ. However, he makes his argument clear by giving examples of duties of parents to children, as well as those of brothers to each other, which he says are never the same. The same case applies to the duties of comrades and their fellow citizens. The same case applies to all other kinds of friendships that exist.On the basis of this argument, it is possible for one to draw a parallel between the principles of justice and the principles of friendship. It appears that where one applies, the other cannot apply. Injustice increases when it is exhibited towards people who are considered friends in the fuller sense. For instance, it sounds more offensive to defraud a comrade than to defraud a fellow citizen. It is also more offensive to deny ones brother assistance than to refuse to help a stranger. It is more terrible for one to kill ones mother than to kill any other citizen. The demands of justice, therefore, appear to increase with the insensitivity of the level of friendship. This implies that there is a limit of friendship to which justice does not apply. It also implies that when there is justice, friendship becomes a necessity, such that when the concept of justice is introduced into a scenario where friendship is at play, both elements tend to have an equal extension.Aristotle also assesses the position of friendship vis--vis that of justice by bringing into perspective the concept of genius (119). He identifies three kinds of constitutions monarchy, aristocracy, and timocracy or what many people refer to as polity. The best constitution, according to Aristotle, is monarchy, while the worst is timocracy. Although both monarchy and timocracy are a one-person(prenominal) rule systems, the main difference between them is that the tyrant looks at his own advantage while the king looks to the advantage of his subjects.Each of these constitutions may involve friendship just as much as it involves justice. The friendship that exists between the king and all his subjects is dependent on the benefits conferred, and Aristotle likens it to the friendship of the father to his son, the only difference being the greatness of all the benefits conferred.The reason why Aristotle brings into perspective the aspect of constitutionality is to shed light on the concept of friendship as it applies to governments. His arguments make the concept of friendsh ip to predominate that of justice. At the same time, he seems to suggest that justice cannot take place in a vacuum there has to be a friendly relationship of sorts between all the participants in the legal summons within a given jurisdiction.In the deviation-forms of constitution, justice hardly exists the same case applies to friendship. In the least, friendship exists in its worst form, such that in a form of government such as tyranny, there is too little or no friendship at all. This is because of the lack of anything to be shared between the ruler and the ruled. Even if justice was to exist in such a type of constitution, people would not appreciate it since the spirit of friendship is lacking.In Aristotles view, in every form of friendship, there has to be some form of association. For instance, the friendship that exists between brothers and sisters is born(p) out of a shared parentage and upbringing. Aristotle also carries the association debate even further, noting that friendships form the basis of humankinds very existence. Particularly, he indicates that man has a list to form couples and households more readily than even cities. He also notes that unlike animals, mans associations in the form of couples are not for reproduction purposes only, but for many other purposes in life.To this extent, the tendency to form marriages arise from not just pleasure but also utility. Through such illustrations, Aristotle provides a clear proof of the power of friendship over justice (138). Although friendships of utility are always full of complaints, this does not necessarily mean that an injustice has been committed against the complainant rather, it is normal for the process of bargaining and haggling to be characterized by tough talk and claims of unfair pricing. No form of justice can be said to have taken place in such engagements, regardless of the outcome of the bargaining process. Everything is left in the hands of the two people who have become friends of convenience in order to transact business.In Aristotles view, two types of justices are worth considering for purposes of assessing their applicability to friendships unwritten and legal justice. The legal type is one where the terms are fixed, while the unwritten one is the one where moral values are conventionally applied. Aristotles explanation of the applicability of both unwritten laws and legal laws is enlightening on the ways in which friendship takes the place of justice. In the same light, friendship is identified as necessary where the formal rules of justice require to be applied, for instance in the legal laws. In other words, even where legal laws have been put in place for political reasons, friendship is needed in order for the ethical aspects of justice to be put into consideration.Work CitedAristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics (Translated by Ross, David. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1980.

Segmentation Targeting and Positioning Analysis Theory

Segmentation Tar wanking and Positioning Analysis TheoryKotler (1994, p. 93) has pointed bulge that the strategic trade planning form flows from a mission mission and mint statement to the selection of betoken markets, and the formulation of specific merchandise mix and put design for each product or service the organization will offer. Proceeds to segment the market, select the appropriate market target, and develop the offers value positioning. The formula segmentation, targeting, positioning (STP) is the essence of strategic marketing Restrepo (2010, p1).Source Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning (2010)http//www.consumerpsychologist.com/images/cb/STP.pnghttp//www.consumerpsychologist.com/cb_Segmentation.htmlToday, India is one of the worlds fastest phylogenesis economies. With having a wide geographical atomic number 18a of about 15,200Km and a strand line of 7,500 Km over a billion sight .According to Financial times (2004) the GDP growth rate was less than 1% in 1991, in time by 2003 the figure grew by 8.5%. Button et al (1999) argues that because of the growth of Indias IT industry, the number of travelers has grown rapidly. Due to which Indias Travel and Tourism generated $38.8 billion in 2004 and it is expected to make $ 90.4 billion by 2014.According to the centre for Asia pacific Aviation (2005), Indian airlines bugger off ordered a total of 490 aircraft over the last few months. Which in turn it is expected a growth of 164% comp atomic number 18d to a world average of only 2.7% Connell Williams (2006, p.358).Connell Williams (2006) states that Indias domestic air travel has grown rapidly due to the gro offstage wealth of Indias population. At the beginning of 2005, there were only four domestic airline services Indian airlines, agate line Sahara and Jet airways and Air Deccan which was the low exist carrier.Company background Air DeccanAir Deccan (2009), Indias for the first time low f ar and fastest growing airline was f ormed in 2003 with the vision to empower all Indian to fly by providing the lowest airfares and connectivity to unconnected towns and cities. Deccan is a business unit of Deccan Aviation, Indias largest private helicopter charter company, which pioneered helicopter tourism in India. In 1997, a group of old army buddies led by Capt. Gopi decided to pool in their vast experience and knowledge of air and geography to open Indias first Private sector helicopter charter company. Deccan Aviation was started in 1997 with one helicopter, it now has a fleet of 10 helicopters and 2 fixed wing aircraft deployed a chase after eight bases at Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Ranchi, Hyderabad, Surat, Katra and Colombo (Sri Lanka). Deccan Aviation provides helicopter charter services for a range of aviation activities like helicopter tourism, aerial insurance coverage of sports events, heli- skiing and rappelling, aerial reconnaissance and photography, and also undertakes logistic support for off sho re oil explorations, geophysical mineral survey, power line survey, emergency checkup evacuation, V.I.P. movement, film production etc.The depart was Deccan, Indias first low cost, no frill airline, which was launched on the strength of a simple dream. A dream godlike by just one statement. I want every Indian to fly at least once in his/ her lifetime. (Captain Gopinath, CEO, 1995)The first flight was launched on 23rd August 2003 from Bangalore to Hubli. Since then forward innovation and cost efficiency has been the main ground of our business philosophy and strategy. The business model is robust, scalable and align to the dreams of nation building by qualification air travel a mass commodity.We pride ourselves on our out of the box strategies which have created several firsts in Indian aviation and also made air travel affordable, available and easily accessible to the earthy man of India.Source Destinations of Air Deccan (2009)Growth boshIndia government is considering the g rowth of aviation sector especially of the private sector in aircraft manufacturing, operating and upgrading airports and by providing enhanced ground services. According to ICFDC (2004) The Indian aviation sector has four types of operators domestic airlines, operating within India and select International destinations, International airlines, chartered air operators and air cargo service providers, whose services hold air transportation of cargo and mail.According to the Director General of civil aviation (2006), when Air Deccan began its operation in August 2003, with a single aircraft from Bangalore to Hubli, Air Deccan has seen a phenomenal growth.Air Deccan now has an Aprx 266 flight which runs on a daily basis.As of March 2006, Air Deccans market share is at 19%, making it the third-largest airline in the country.Currently, the carrier employees apprx 2,600 employees.As of Nov 30 2005, Air Deccan had flown apprx 2.7 million passengers.( Air Deccan,2009)Vision and MissionAcc ording to Air Deccan (2009), Captain Gopinaths vision has helped the lives of Indias masses where they realized through and through Air Deccan, which is a pioneering low-cost business model. The airline has played a significant role in making the common mans dream to fly which has come true. However, the airline plans to fly a large number of destinations in India by connecting millions of mint (Captain Gopinath, CEO, 2004).Basic Idea behind the exemplar approachSTRENGTHS Leader in LCC market Highest load efficiency Flies to destinations in the hinterlandWEAKNESS Focuses on South Indian market shape plagued by frequent breakdowns and near misses Very limited advertising Reached at the threshold of cost efficiencyOPPORTUNITIES Extensive network to majusculeize Air payload business Plenty of scope for expansion of operations Strengthen its position in Chartered flight segment could start Contractual Employment little terror High attrition rate the threat of new entrants into Low Price Segment especially Indigo, Go Air, Spice jet and Jetlite. High risk perception.As mentioned in Air Deccan (2009) Air Deccan has plenty of scope for expansion of operations also it has been in operation since last 5 years, so kingfisher with the merger could get the opportunity to fly planetaryly and Air Deccan with facing constant threats from the ever emerging low cost carriers, higher attrition rate and requirement for capital had no different better option than to accept the offer of getting merged with Kingfisher.Marketing StrategiesSegmentationHigh aircraft utilization was the first of Air Deccans strategies as it would directly result in high revenue generation. The success of the Air Deccan is by its well planned operational routes. The Air Deccan operates from six bases, which are placed in the metropolitan cities of Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore and Hyderabad. Further these bases are connected to other regional locations through regional routes. The m ain strategy of Air Deccan is to pursue unexplored routes which would result -high yield and high load factor (Sampler, 2006).PositioningThe main success behind Air Deccan is because of its unique pricing model. In the pricing model lay which were booked well in advance had lower fares, whereas the seats booked closer to the travel date had higher fare. However, this helped the airline to maximize its revenues from ticket sales as well as maintain high seat occupancy.By commenting on additional revenues, Captain Gopinath (CEO, 2005) states that With an average passenger spending INR 75 for a quick meal or beverage, Air Deccan could have easily generated additional revenue worth INR 202.5 million from 2.7 passengers that had flown on the airline till November 2005.TargetingAir Deccan (2009) has achieved dreadful growth due to their marketing and promotion strategies. The airline utilized its marketing and promotional programs effectively to highlight the competitive advantage with the result of its low fares.The target segment which is for the customers who are cost-conscious, Air Deccan choose cartoonist R K Laxmans famous mascot The common man as its brand ambassador. The airline advertisement is generally through media like print, radio, and bill boards. The airline has entered into various sales which have provided Deccan with additional advertising slots on television, newspapers and radio.Word Count 1,335.ReferencingAnonymous. (2010). Segmentation, Targeting, and positioning .Available http//www.consumerpsychologist.com/cb_Segmentation.html. Last accessed 11/12/2010.Annonymous. (2009). Deccan simply fly. Available http//www.deccanair.com/aboutus.html. Last accessed 12/12/2010.Annonymous. (2010). Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation. Available http//www.centreforaviation.com/. Last accessed 12/12/2010.Button, K.J., Lall, S., Stough, R., Trice, M., 1999. High-technology employment and hub airports. Journal of Air enjoy Management 5, 53-59Financial Times, 20 04. From Indias forgotten elds, a call for economic reform to lift the inadequate.Kingfisher-Deccan Merger. 12 Dec. 2010 http//www.antiessays.com/free-essays/47835.htmlKotler, P. (1994), Marketing Management Analysis, planning, implementation, andControl, 8th edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliff, New Jersey.OConnell.F.J, Williams.G.. (2006). regeneration of Indias Domestic Airlines A case study of Indian Airlines, Jet Airways, Air Sahara and Air Deccan. Journal of Air Transport Management. 12 (1), 358-374.Restrepo.A.J.. (2010). SEGMENTATION TARGETING POSITIONING.Available http//pdfcast.org/pdf/segmentation-targeting-positioning. Last accessed 11/12/2010.Sampler.L.J. (2006). Air Deccan. Available http//web.mit.edu/cisr/working%20papers/cisrwp365.pdf. Last accessed 11/12/2010.Marketing ethics and friendly responsibility an opportunity for competitive advantage or a constraint on marketing decisions? Discuss citing appropriate examples.IntroductionCarrigan Attalla (200 1, p.560) states that Marketing ethics and social responsibility are inherently controversial, and years of query continue to present conflicts and challenges for marketers on the value of a socially responsible approach to marketing activities.According to Laczniak Murphy (1993) since few years there are certain controversy revolving around marketing ethics and social responsibility, researchers and scholars are continuing to work on it. Smith Quelch (1996) states that most of the company would like to call back that being a good company will attract customers with their products, while it has seen that by the un respectable behavior customer would reject their offer/products.The basic motif behind focusing marketing is by its products and services with the environment, where customers play a very important part by representing (Vaaland et al, 2007).As mentioned by Vaaland et al (2007, p.929)Marketing is the process of planning and executing conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of goods, ideas and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals.According to Singhapakdi et al (1995), Social responsibility is been given so a lot importance because, E.g., some public companies undergo social responsibility which might limit profits and disagreement of the social responsibility. However, he also argues that, the international researchers have not identified in detail to which marketers across the countries assume that ethics and social responsibility are important for their organization for their growth. And also argues that, first managers should be aware of the ethics and social responsibility to have the organization grow before their behavior become more good and reflects greater social responsibility.Social responsibility in marketingAs Laczniak Murphy (1993, p.5) states that, both ethics and social responsibility have to make a positive pertain towards the success of an organization, due to which customers m ake ethical judgments that are likely to influence their purchases. As he has told thatCustomers over time will normally recognize the organizations that search to be responsive to various ethical and social factors in the marketplace.The ethics eraHunt and Vitell ( 2006, p.3) pointed out that An individual perceives a situation as having ethical content, the next step is the perception of various possible alternatives or actions that might be taken to resolve the ethical problem.http//www.emeraldinsight.com/content_images/fig/2160040303002.pngAs Hoddow (2001) states that even though, the researchers are working on this field ETHICS since 30-40 years its still not possible to have achieved the answer of what exactly is the social responsibility of marketing. According to BBC (2001) there have been lot arguments which have been made by governments and organizations with regarding to the ethical issues. E.g., Companies like Oxfam and Medecin sans Frontieres on allowing cheaper acce ss for consumers of drugs like AZT.Globally, there are many organizations and institutes which are ceremonious to do research and promote ethical business behaviour like for E.g., European Business Ethics network, Hong Kong Ethics Development Centre. There has been given a lot of importance to the field of marketing as it has grown rapidly and developing a strong ethical profile, academically and professionally, marketers are finding it severe to ignore the gap of ethics of what the society is expecting and what marketing professionals are delivering (Carrigan Attalla, 2001).Ethical Consumer BehaviourAccording to Hunt and Vitell (1992) it has been seen that a lot of attention is given to marketing ethics in the current years, irrespective of that it is been unsuccessful to see the buyer side of the exchange process. However, it is a fact that the customers are more informed, more enlightened and are aware of their consumer rights and product requirements in most of the western soc iety.However, a study conducted by Boulstridge and Carrigan (2000) examined customers response to ethical or unethical behaviour, where they found out that the most customers did not have more information weather a company did or did not behaved ethically. E.g., Nestle and Exxon. Even though many people believed that social responsibility is not important while considering in their purchasing behaviour, even with knowledge about unethical activity, some customers still bought goods from the company. The main reason why consumers bought these products is because of price, value, and quality and brand familiarity rather than societal ones.Ulrich and Sarasin (1995) say that, one thing is clear, dont do any research. Dont ask the public any questions on this subject. The answers are never reliable. In instances where the head says one thing and the heart another. Studies are useless if not misleading (Carrigan and Attala, 2001, p.566).Performance frameworkFriedman (1962, p.133) argues t hat few trends could so exhaustively undermine the very foundations of our free society as the acceptance by collective officials of a social responsibility other than to make as much money for their stockholders as possible.The framework by Carroll (1995) gives us the idea and the present condition of what corporate social responsibility theory and their role within the corporate social performance framework.http//labspace.open.ac.uk/file.php/4778/via/oucontent/course/132/pyramid.gifFigure 2 Source Carroll (1995, p.49). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility.According to Windsor (2001), Carrolls four dimensional pyramid of responsibility structures the tender notion of various corporate social responsibilities into a construction of pyramid. And the pyramid consists of economic responsibilities which are the foundation and benevolence is the apex. The construction of the pyramid is such that the other responsibilities will not be achieved in the absence of economic perf ormance. Economic and legal responsibilities are socially required, ethical responsibilities are socially accepted and philanthropy is socially desired.Socially Responsible firmsWhen asked to identify the socially responsible firms, many would point out on Marks and Spencer, because as Jobber (2010, p.182) mentioned that MS aims to go carbon neutral, send no waste to landfill, extend sustainable sourcing, help improve the lives of people in its supply chain and help customers and employees live a healthier lifestyle.According to Carrigan Attalla (2001) companies like JCB, Nissan and Co-operative bank followed ethical behaviour to an extent and when one trying to think of being a good citizen one responsive saidThere really arent that many .I am sure they are all unethical to some degree. (Anonymous, 2008).Companies like Microsoft, is well known as philanthropy. saddle gates, fights for many of the worlds diseases with his foundation with Melinda Gates. The foundation has given $ 20.1 billion since its first set up (Jobber, 2010).There are few well known companies which they have been registered as a poor social responsibility for many reasons, E.g, LOreal for their animal testing, NatWest due to their financial investment with animal research centres and Shell and BP for their poor environmental pollution and poor employee relations (Carrigan Attalla (2001).As mentioned by Carrigan Attalla (2001, p.569) the attitudes of many consumers would include when you buy petrol, you do not think of those companies that are or not ethical, it does not even cross your mind. I would only fill up elsewhere if it caused no inconvenience to me.However, the behaviour of the ethics needs to be changed or it has to be convincing to the people in order to make them buy or have believe in the products. As we have discussed above about few companies and have seen the answer of customers buying behaviour as the just buy the products because of their convince and or are for the brand name. All these show us that the customers are passive ethical shoppers other than the active consumer shoppers (Carrigan Attalla (2001).ConclusionIt has been seen from the study whether the customers care about the marketing ethics and social responsibility which would influence them on their buying behaviour. It has also seen that researchers have studied the consumers buying behaviour and they have to say that the many of them give very less attention to ethical considerations when it comes to their buying or decision making behaviour. Carrigan Attalla (2001) states that the link between the social responsibility and marketing ethics and consumer purchase remains unproven but also one should not conclude with the development of ethical marketing policy and social responsibility.Word Count 1,376.

Nuclear Power :: essays research papers

Nuclear PowerProducing energy from a nuclear power plant is real complicated. The process ofnuclear energy involves the fission of atoms, the release of energy from fissionas heat, and the transfer of heat to electricity in power plants.The process of ripping the atom is called nuclear fission. Fission cannister takeplace in many different kinds of atoms. This explanation uses Uranium - 235,the atom most commonly use in nuclear reactors. The Uranium atom has manyprotons, thus making it unstable. Since the nucleus of the atom is so unstableit wants to split itself apart, causing a unprompted fission. When the nucleiof a Uranium atom splits apart, it splits into two atoms. Commonly the nucleussplits into Barium and Krypton however, it can split into any two atoms as longas the number of protons equals the original amount of the protons found in theUranium. In addition, a mass amount of energy is released along with two orthree neutrons. It is these neutrons that can begin a chain response, eachneutron that is given rancid could collide with an other(a) Uranium atom splitting itapart. Each of these fissioning atoms releases a very galactic amount of energy,and some more neutrons.This process continues causing a chain reaction withut any outside assistance,and the Uranium has "gone critical"(Martindale, 794-195). This chain reactionis the basis for how nuclear power is made.The amount of the energy that is given off in nuclear fission is astronomical.To equal the amount of energy given off when splitting some uranium the size ofa golf ball, one would have to burn approximately twenty-five train cars full ofcoal. Presently, the planet contains twenty-five times more nuclear terminatecompargond to fossil fuel. On average, an atomic power plant can produce half amillion kilowatts of power. As a comparison, a hair dryer takes about onekilowatt (Jenny, 1-2).The producing of energy from nuclear fission is very similar to using a verycommon fossil fuel bo iler. The difference lies in the reactor, where the heatis generated by fissioning material. The most common of reactors is thepressurized water reactor however, there are many other types.The pressurized water reactor is the most common reactor in the United States.The reactor of a nuclear power plant is where the fissioning takes place. TheUranium is contained in fuel rods, each rod is sealed so no contamination occurs.Many of these rods are then contained in a fuel assembly. All the fuelassemblies are separated by control rods. The control rods limit the amount of

Reducing Violence in Schools :: School Violence Essays

On January 18, 1993, Scott Pennington, a seventeen year-old student from Kentucky, shot and killed his East Carter High School teacher Deanna McDavid and janitor Marvin Hicks, and accordingly held his twenty-two classmates at gunpoint for close to fifteen minutes. On September 15, 1995, Daniel Watson, eighteen, was charged with one count of kidnapping, two counts of unlawful possession of a weapon on school property, and fifteen counts of primary degree endangerment after holding a fellow student at gunpoint at his high school. Watson had been in a fight before school, and then went home and returned with two handguns. In November of 1996, Drew Golden, 11, and Mitchell Johnson, 13, opened fire on their fellow students and teachers in Jonesboro, Arkansas, killing four students and an English teacher. Is this what should be happening in Americas schools? Should students have to be more concerned with their safety, rather than obtaining a good education? Incidences similar to the one s just described occur all(prenominal) year in school systems across the country. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, fifty-seven percent of public elementary and secondary school principals report that one or more incidents of crime/violence occurred in their schools during the 1996-1997 school year. The center also reported that ten percent of all public schools see one or more serious violent crimes (defined as murder, rape, or other type of sexual battery, suicide, physical attack or fight with a weapon, or robbery) during the 1996-1997 school year. Physical attacks or fights led the list of reported crimes in public schools, with about 190,000 reported incidences in 1996-1997. Schools should be places where the objective is to snap off students the skills and knowledge to help them with their future they should not be havens for violent acts. Something obviously needs to be done to decrease and hopefully one day separate violence in Americas school sy stems. There have been numerous proposals made to help the problem, but there still has not been a significant improvement in the problem nationwide. Several recent reports-one by the American Psychological Association and another by the National Education Association-show a dramatic increase in the incidence of school violence. It is going to take a team effort by the government, communities and the schools to help reduce violence in Americas school systems. The government has attempted to address the issue of school violence. In 1994, President Bill Clinton signed the Gun-Free School Act, mandating a one-year expulsion for students who bring weapons to school.

Effective Communication Essay -- essays research papers

rill Head Effective Communication 1In order to be an effective manager in the work force today, one must have a very good understanding of the various ways in which people interact and transcend with one another. It is critical that good leaders display the ability to effectively communicate with their associates and subordinates as well as train and encourage others to demonstrate those like communication skills. By doing so, they give promote both a healthy and efficient work environment that everyone will be sure to enjoy.The first repugn in effectively communicating with todays workforce is diversity. The work force today is more diverse than ever and is rapidly becoming level more diversified as time passes. Leaders argon already facing differences from many levels of society. And with every new theme that enters into the workforce, there are unflurried the cultural differences such as customs, beliefs, and expectations that are thrown into the mix as well. All of thi s, as well as many other issues only gain ground complicates the task of achieving effective communication on all levels.Perhaps the first and most obvious difference in the work environment is the difference of the sexes. Women Running Head Effective Communication 2possess a tendency to be more subtle or convincing rather than sh bulgeing out demands. Studies have shown that women are more likely to construct their requests in the form of suggestions or leading questions rather than be more direct ( full-grown Learners Guide, 1999). The conflict is evident if one considers the fact that males possess the complete opposite tendency. Men are often more direct and to the point. These two contrasting attributes are a fertile breeding ground for misunderstandings of all sorts. Women also do not hesitate to mix business with personal talk where men are more anxious to get to the details of the business at hand. For women this seems to be a double edged sword. On the one hand, the person al talk brings deplete some barriers and lets each one get to know the other so everyone is comfort able-bodied. This works in their favor in situations where they are meeting a group or individual for the first time. But on the other hand, after they become acquainted, women have trouble separating their personal feelings and allowing the... ...py and successful workplace. They must be able to convince others to set their feelings aside and deal with issues at hand and as the workforce becomes more and more diverse, this will become a larger challenge. instantlys leaders must understand that the varying methods needed to communicate are just as diverse as the environment in which they are needed. Not all techniques will apply to all people, but by listening to individuals and hearing what they are truly saying, a true leader will be able to communicate effectively with anyone on their team as well as encourage effective communication throughout their team. Only when this typese tters case of communication is obtained can a workplace truly operate without the usual shortcoming and pitfalls that trouble so many of todays workplace environmentsReferencesAdult Learners Guide, (2nd Edition). (1999).Adler, Ronald B. & Elmhorst, Jeanne Marquardt (1999). Communication at work principles and practices for business and the professions, (6th Edition). St. Louis McGraw-Hill.Pierce, Jon L. & Newstrom, John W. (1996). The managers bookshelf A mosaic of contemporary views, (4th Edition). New York HarperCollins College Publishers.

Undecidability in Beckets The Endgame Essay -- Samuel Becket Postmode

This paper aims to study postmodern element of undecidability in Samuel Beckets Endgame. As Butler and Davis holds, What is different about Becket is not that he provokes a critical response ... but the protean, open-ended, undecidable and inexhaustible quality of the challenge he offers (168). Endgame interchangeable Beckets other plays is in a way that, as Wittgenstein notes, is nothing more than language play between characters and although in that respect are some minor actions there are not in such a way to affect the play, moreover it is their vague utterances that make the play undecidable for the reader to make out what is happening. Andrew Bennett and Nicholas Royle in their An understructure to Literature, Criticism and Theory explain the term undecidability as Undecidability involves the impossibility of deciding between two or more competing interpretations ... classical logic is founded on the law of non-contradiction something cannot be both A an d not A at the same period. The postmodern gives particular emphasis to ways in which this law whitethorn be productively questioned or suspended. Undecidability splits the text, disorders it. Undecidability dislodges the principle of a single final meaning in a literary text (232). One of the most authoritative and undecidable subject of the play, that perplex the reader just at the very beginning of the play, is its title. Vivian Mercier points out that, the title reminding both of the ?ending? and ?end game? in cheating (117). Considering the latter assumption, it suggests that red-faced Hamm in his wheel chair is the Red King, who can only be moved one square at a cartridge holder in any direction and Clov, also red-faced, is more mobile Red cheater man with his unsteadily walk... ... The Norton Anthology of English Literature . The Major Authors. Ed. M. H. Abrams. New York Norton, 2001. 2657-84. Bennett, Andrew, and Nicholas Royle. ?An doorway to Literature, Criticism . and Theory.? 2nd ed. London Prentice Hall Europe, 1999. Hale, Jane Alison. ?Endgame How are your eyes?.? The Broken Window . . Beckett?s Dramatic Perspective. West Lafayette Purdue UP, 1987. Mercier, Vivian. ?How to Read Endgame.? Ed. Andonian, Cathleen Culotta. . The vital Response to Samuel Becket. Connecticut Greenwood Press, . 1998. Pattie, David. ?The Complete precise Guide to Samuel Becket.? London . . Routlege, 2000. Undecidability in Beckets The Endgame Essay -- Samuel Becket PostmodeThis paper aims to study postmodern element of undecidability in Samuel Beckets Endgame. As Butler and Davis holds, What is different about Becket is not that he provokes a critical response ... but the protean, open-ended, undecidable and i nexhaustible quality of the challenge he offers (168). Endgame corresponding Beckets other plays is in a way that, as Wittgenstein notes, is nothing more than language play between characters and although there are some minor actions there are not in such a way to affect the play, moreover it is their vague utterances that make the play undecidable for the reader to make out what is happening. Andrew Bennett and Nicholas Royle in their An Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory explain the term undecidability as Undecidability involves the impossibility of deciding between two or more competing interpretations ... classical logic is founded on the law of non-contradiction something cannot be both A and not A at the same time. The postmodern gives particular emphasis to ways in which this law may be productively questioned or suspended. Undecidability splits the text, disorders it. Undecidability dislodges the principle of a single final meaning in a lit erary text (232). One of the most large and undecidable subject of the play, that perplex the reader just at the very beginning of the play, is its title. Vivian Mercier points out that, the title reminding both of the ?ending? and ?end game? in chess (117). Considering the latter assumption, it suggests that red-faced Hamm in his wheel chair is the Red King, who can only be moved one square at a time in any direction and Clov, also red-faced, is more mobile Red chess man with his unsteadily walk... ... The Norton Anthology of English Literature . The Major Authors. Ed. M. H. Abrams. New York Norton, 2001. 2657-84. Bennett, Andrew, and Nicholas Royle. ?An Introduction to Literature, Criticism . and Theory.? 2nd ed. London Prentice Hall Europe, 1999. Hale, Jane Alison. ?Endgame How are your eyes?.? The Broken Window . . Beckett?s Dramatic Perspective. West Lafayette Purdue UP, 1987. Mercier, Vivian. ?How to Read Endgame.? Ed. Andonian, Cathleen Culotta. . The Critical Response to Samuel Becket. Connecticut Greenwood Press, . 1998. Pattie, David. ?The Complete Critical Guide to Samuel Becket.? London . . Routlege, 2000.

Dystopai Society :: essays research papers

The Government and Total Human ControlIn shot Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 451, in George Orwells 1984, and in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World a unifying th exact is presentthe authorities must have total control of all aspects of society. It must control thought, it must control media, and it must control mavins usefulness to the undemocratic society.In Fahrenheit 451, the government assumes total control by banning all books and other reading material. By banning and burning the contraband if necessary, the government can prevent philosophical thought. The government can alike guarantee this by getting plurality to buy giant tv sets, the size of walls, which play television sitcoms in which the family can star. Not only do the pointless programs discourage intellectual thought, but they also entertain the family enough so that the family has no reasons to read and/or think deeply about the meaning of the world around them.In 1984, the government is a bit more lenient as they allow for let everyone read, but they edit all reading material so that the materials favor the Party. For the party, revising old articles and other media will ensure that no one will revolt since the re write material always favors the Party. Even if a proletariat were to revolt, the Party could eliminate his worldly concern from all forms of media. The Party vaporizes peoples existence to a point where most people do not even think about the vaporized person. By always making sure written history is pro-Party, the Party can ensure its totalitarian government.In A Brave New World, the government not only controls how one thinks, but it also controls ones physical usefulness to his society. By genetically engineering ones body, the government can baffle it infinitely useful to itself. To make that one body feel no pain, to make the soul feel like it belongs to the society, and to make the mind open to any ideas is a vital plus for this government. The people are not always worr ied about death and can always relax in this utopian society since other people pleasure them, and with a society of happy people, the government never fears a revolt.By controlling what an individual thinks, does, or feels, the government always prospers.