The Pearl Characters Pen Portrait

Pen Portraits-The Pearl Juana- Juana is a very young lady and she has just had her first child. In the starting of the book, she is very calm and does not speak much. Towards the end of the book she is a lot more aggressive and speaks more than she used to. Her attitude changes and she stays by Kino whatever happens. An example is when Kino has killed a man; she helps him hide the dead body instead of telling anyone of the crime. Steinbeck also writes that when she carries out her way of curing Coyotito by putting the poultice on his sting, she does not have any faith in her technique and thinks that they should go to the doctor.This is the proof that tells us that she has a strong belief in authority. At the end of the book, she becomes very stubborn and this stubbornness leads to her son’s death. When Kino tells Juana that she should hide with Coyotito to stay safe, she says no three times without any hesitation or weakness. This is an example of her stubbornness. If she wou ld have hidden with Coyotito, the consequences could have differed. My opinion of Kino is that she was a very strong character and had a very large roll to play in this book.Her roll was not only protecting Coyotito, but she was also Kino’s largest support. Kino- Kino is a young man who thinks he will achieve everything after he gets the pearl. He has too many ambitions such as sending his son to school, getting married, and having a rifle. He tells his ambitions to all the villagers and the priest becomes even greedier after hearing what he can do with just a Pearl. Although the priest cannot do anything wrong as he is a religious man, the doctor can. He also sets himself some ambitions such as drinking wine in a rich restaurant.But to achieve his ambitions he must have the pearl. He tries to seal it but is not successful. Kino knows that on the way to achieving his ambitions he will have to face evil but he is too greedy and the greed makes him blind. All he can see are his ambitions. His foolishness is also a reason of his son’s death. If he would have sold it for 1500 pesos than his sons death could have been avoided, but as I have written, greed can make a person blind. In my opinion, Kino was trapped by the pearl and he can do nothing to get rescue himself from the pearls invisible trap.It is not every day that a man gets lucky. And when Kino gets lucky, he wants to make too much from the luck and this teaches him a lesson; â€Å"you should always be happy with what you have†. Juan Tomas- Juan Tomas is Kino’s bigger brother and his wife is Apolonia. Juan Tomas warns Kino about the consequences of what the pearl could do. Kino does not listen to his brother and very unfortunate consequences follow. For example, Juan Tomas says ‘there is a devil in this pearl’ but Kino knows this but instead of throwing it away, he keeps it as a hope, he keeps it as his soul.When Kino kills a man in self-defense, Juan Tomas and Apol onia hide Kino’s family. This shows us that Juan Tomas’ nature is very helpful although he knows that he is helping a criminal who could be sent to jail or even executed, he remembers that he is Kino’s brother and should always stay as a support for him and his family From my opinion, He is a very humble man and seems happy with his post in his life; yet, he understands Kino and why he wants to earn too much from the pearl. Juan Tomas, although he has a very short part to play, it is still a very important one.

The Social Construction of the Amish Community

Sociology 1101 The Amish Community, an Example of Social Construction The Amish culture qualifies as an example of social construction because it is a belief that has important consequences for a large group of people. The people of the Amish community have specific rules they must follow. They believe that the outside culture has a morally polluting effect and that it promotes pride, greed, immorality and materialism. Some of the Amish beliefs include the concept that God will judge them on how well they have obeyed the church rules during their lifetime and that contact with the â€Å"outside world† makes it harder to obey their rules.This is the reason for their extreme isolation. Even though the Amish culture believes that the â€Å"outside world† has a polluting effect on them and their children, there is a time within the Amish community that the parents throughout the community allow their children to participate in events and activities that they usually wouldnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t be allowed to participate in. This time is referred to as Rumspringa. Rumspringa is also referred to as â€Å"running around† This is the term used to describe the period of adolescence Amish experience starting at around the age of sixteen.The parents of the children who choose to participate in this opportunity feel that their children cannot be shunned from the Amish community because they are not yet baptized and they are not yet under the authority of the church. Rumspringa helps the young adults to choose whether they want to join the church or not. The young adults can choose to join a youth group on the weekends usually. These different youth groups have different activities or events they participate in. There are two main groups; one considered the slower or plainer group and the other considered the faster group.The slower groups participates in activities such as volleyball games, and singing groups and are even sometimes supervised by adults while the fa ster group participates in parties and other activities considered less conservative. Although most people seem to think that the youth who participate in these groups are participating in heavy partying, drug use, premarital sex or other extreme behaviors this is usually not the case although these are not unheard of throughout the faster youth groups. The Amish community serves as an example of social construction because the ideas of this culture are passed along by xplaining each aspect of the community through personal interactions and friendships, people begin to believe these strict aspects are what are to be expected because so many other people of the Amish community are believing them and practicing them. Then the strict aspects of the Amish culture are eventually accepted and passed down from generation to generation. â€Å"The Amish people are direct descendants of the Anabaptists of the sixteenth century Europe. Anabaptism is the religion that came about during the ref ormation era.The term Anabaptist first started out as a nickname that meant re-baptizer, because this group rejected the idea of infant baptism, since an infant doesn’t yet have the knowledge of good and evil. The Anabaptists were seen as a threat to Europe’s religious and social institutions and were therefore persecuted. † The idea of Rumspringa first begins because of this specific aspect of the Amish culture, the belief that their children cannot be shunned by the Amish community because they are not old enough to know the difference between good and evil.This then allows the people of the Amish community to consider what the specific age of knowing good from evil is and then they present the specific idea of Rumspringa to the Amish culture. The Amish community passed through the three phases of Berger and Luckmann’s analysis by first; externalizing the ideas of the culture by putting an explanation of the ideas â€Å"out there† The Amish commun ity first presented the idea of Rumspringa to the entire community when they felt that their young adults should have a choice whether or not they wanted to continue to practice the Amish believes and pass them down to their children.Although it may seem that this act of Rumspringa is going completely against what the Amish community believes, the Amish parents do not encourage their youth to leave home and participate in sinful behaviors but they feel there must be at least some room for free choice in the decision to become Amish. Rumspringa was also explained as the time the Amish community allowed their young adult children to participate in youth groups that would lead them to finding a spouse and if this happened and the two young adults decided to get married their time of Rumspringa was over and they were now to be baptized.The second phase they passed their belief through is objectivation. This is the most crucial phase of construction. The strict rules of the Amish communi ty led the people of the Amish community to believe that being exposed to the outside world would pollute their minds. But, when the idea of Rumspringa was first put out there for people to consider, it showed that this would allow their children to participate in activities and groups that they were not usually allowing them too.At first the people of the Amish community felt this idea was crazy, but after it was explained that their children would not be shunned from the community because they had not yet been baptized and were not yet under the authority of the church and that their young adult children needed free choice in whether or not to continue the practices of the Amish culture, people began to really consider this idea. Many Amish families decided this was a good idea and began to practice this new belief.They felt this could actually help their family continue from generation to generation. The third phase of Berger and Luckmann is the phase of internalization. This new ly introduced belief of the Amish community was spreading quickly and more and more people began practicing this belief. More people of the Amish community began to involve this belief into their everyday lives because they felt this could lead their children to marriage and then they would soon be baptized and be considered under the authority of the church.People of the Amish community had children and has these children grew up they were introduced to the idea of Rumspringa and as these children grew into adults and had their own children they passed down the belief to their children and eventually the belief of Rumspringa throughout the Amish culture was now passed down from generation to generation religiously. Even though the idea of Rumspringa was doubted when it was first presented to the Amish community, the people of the Amish community began to actually consider the aspects of this new idea and realize this could help their children and even their families for generations .This is how the beliefs of the Amish community passed through the third phase of Berger and Luckmanns reality of construction. I believe that the beliefs of the Amish community could either be effectively challenged or accepted depending on the person who is examining and judging the culture. The Amish culture thoroughly explains each aspect of their culture and why they participate in each aspect. They have specific background information on why they now accept the idea of Rumspringa.I feel he Amish culture could also be effectively challenged because, even though the Amish culture presents their ideas of Rumspringa and explains that they feel this certain period of time in their children’s lives could effectively alter their lives for the better, this time doesn’t actually let their children move outside the community or even the home. The young adults of the Amish community don’t actually get to experience what it is like to live in a house where there is te levision or dress differently or even eat food they have never tried before.I feel the period of Rumspringa should be widened completely. The young adults should be able to spend six months to year physically living and working in a whole different world and this would actually allow them to make a completely honest choice about whether to join the Amish community church without the heavy influence of their parents. I feel this would effectively allow the young adults experience Rumspringa.

Is Internet Better Than Teacher?

Is internet better than teacher? Today we are living in a modern world where science and technology are being used in every aspect of our daily life, which makes our life safe and comfortable. Internet is one of the key elements of our modern life. We use internet for communication, banking, entertainment, buying-selling, trading, tickets booking and for many other countless reasons. Most of all youngsters often use internet as a source of information for their educational purpose. Now a question arises if internet is better than teacher or not.Obviously internet is a great medium of learning or magnificent resources of teaching, but yet it no way equals to a living teacher. If we take internet as a medium of education, it can be called an ocean of information. Whatever we need in our school work or any assignment, all we need is a few strokes in the keyboard and in a second millions pages appear. Notes, lectures, video learning, audio assistance, dictionary and almost everything are available in the internet, is fairly sufficient to appease any inquisitive mind.In comparison to human teacher, internet is absolutely free, there is no time bound and different views for the same topic that provides us with more choices and give us an opportunity for broader analysis. Nowadays, it is possible to take exam or test on the internet, and with a digital checking system we can know our score almost immediately. This allows people to have college or even university degree from home. Some people claim the internet as to be a virtual teacher for many students.Although internet has been proved as an important factor in education system, but it can not be the alternate to a human teacher. It can be called merely a virtual teacher but not the real living teacher. Internet is like one way learning system, it is totally depends on the learner what or how he or she would learn. Unlike a human teacher there is no check and balance. So the possibility of exploitation is much great er.It is like a teacher who has no ears nor any emotion, that is to say internet is not interactive for dynamic and real teaching system. It can check a paper's spelling and grammar, but they cannot teach someone style or help clarify an idea. A real teacher interacts with students with their individual level of intelligence and their respective ability of learning. Some students are keen to learn whereas some are slow in progress, some are inattentive or some may have a tendency to despise the importance of education.Only a real human teacher can addresses these variations among the students by judging their attitude and he can take appropriate measures accordingly. Internet can enhance our knowledge, but it can not play the role of a teacher. During the schooling we not only learn the theories of science, mathematics or history but also learn discipline, morality, behavior and exchanging our views by improvising ideas, which is impossible in the virtual world of internet. Therefor e for the complete education, a teacher can not be replaced by internet

English class work two Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

English class work two - Essay Example For example, low levels of Vitamin D cause rickets in children. The main issue being addressed in the United Kingdom is the deficiency of Vitamin D in a large number of its population. The best source of Vitamin D is sunlight and found in a small number of foods. Unfortunately, there are certain factors that have led to the huge deficiency of Vitamin D in a huge number of the population. During the winter months, there is very low or almost no sunlight and this inhibit the use of Vitamin D from sunlight. Hence, this causes many people to stay indoors and heavily cloth themselves, increasing the chances of Vitamin D deficiency. The consequences of this are very evident in the UK, many infants suffer from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and fractures in susceptible children. A pathologist, Dr. Irene Scheimberg based at Royal London Hospital discovered vitamin D deficiency in 8 further cases of SIDS and 30 other cases of children who died. In Scotland, there were many cases of multiple sclerosis, which is caused by this deficiency. These alarming statistics prompted the creation of 208 million pound vitamin supplement market. A multivitamin supplement is a preparation intended to be a dietary supplement with vitamins, dietary minerals and other nutritional elements. The UK government has a role to play in the regulation of this vitamin supplement market. As much as vitamin supplements are necessary, the UK government should ensure that the firms producing them meet high standards of human consumption. Multivitamin supplements need to also be researched before being dispensed to the public to prevent health hazards to certain groups of people, for example pregnant women. However, research shows that the best and safest sources of vitamins are from certain foods and having a balanced diet. One long-term project the UK government should undertake is to set structure to educate the people on

Winterbourne View Hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Winterbourne View Hospital - Essay Example On 12th of May 2011, the South Gloucestershire Council got a forwarded letter, which was addressed to the Castlebeck Ltd. The letter had been originally delivered by means of hand to the Wiltshire County Council. The letter, which consisted of five pages and was updated, came from a certain BBC Panorama Programme’s producer (Department of Health 2012). It had allegations that some patients at the Winterbourne View Hospital were subjected to abuse, and this included the patients from Wiltshire, who was within the Winterbourne Hospital. Wiltshire County Council, upon the reception of the letter, forwarded it to the South Gloucestershire Council since Winterbourne was within the location of the council. The prime purpose of the forwarded letter to the Castlebeck Ltd was to illustrate defined examples to the company on how the patients were being subjected to systematic mistreatment by the staff. The main concerns of the letter was the staff’s abusive treatment of patients, the staff’s motivation in the utilization of illegal and dangerous methods of restraint, the pointless suffering of Winterbourne’s patients, the care philosophy abused by some members of staff, the practice of water-based method of punishment, and the professional boundaries transgression (Emerson, E., Robertson, J., Hatton, C., Knapp, M., Walsh, P. and Hallam, A. 2005). Therefore, following the Winterbourne case, the Mental Health Act and the Human Rights, in general, have a big part to play. The Mental Health Act of 1983 was subjected to an amendment in 2007 and is a law in Wales and England that allows for admission to hospital for individuals experiencing a mental disorder.  Ã‚  

Customer Relationship Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Customer Relationship Management - Essay Example According to the research findings over the years many things have changed and now a great deal of emphasis is laid on the importance of customers to a company. Marketing tactics have evolved from mass marketing and advertising to target or niche marketing where preferences of each customer are given equal importance. In all this, customers have benefitted tremendously, now special attention is being given to their needs and according to that business strategies are designed. The customer making a purchase has two options, either he can make a direct purchase from the manufacturer itself – use one channel, or opt for multiple channels where he can buy the same product but here this product would have passed through several channels before reaching the intended customer. It has been observed that customers choosing multiple channels are more valuable to a company as compared to those opting for a single channel. This is because shopping is made a very convenient experience for them; they can buy products online from the web or even book their orders on the phone instead of making the trip to the store. In addition, in case they want to track the delivery of their products, this can be done easily either on phone or online by using the tracking code usually provided by the couriers. They are given many payment methods to choose from depending on whichever is the most feasible for them. They can make payment with cash on delivery, issue a cheque or even use their credit card. Hence, at each stage they are being facilitated and so the customer would remember the ease with which they shopped and would return repeatedly for the same service. Customers overall prefer systems which make processes simple, fast and reliable for them and multiple channels guarantee all of that with their expeditious service. Nordstrom is a famous US retailer with 225 stores located nationwide. Being in the business for more than a century, Nordstrom realizes the importance of its c ustomers and knows how vital it is to provide customers with complete ease and best deals, hence, offering customers a comfortable buying experience with the use of its multiple channels network. In order to measure the effectiveness of customer relationship

Macro & Micro economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Macro & Micro economics - Essay Example However, the growth rate slipped immediately in the next year. This fluctuation in the growth rate of the economy has been a cause of concern for the government of China. It prompted the government to make policy changes that would boost up economic activities in the country. This paper has been presented with the purpose of representing an analytical study of an article named â€Å"China May CPI slows, gives room for easy monetary policy† written by Chiang  and Standing and published by One America News on June 8, 2013. The article is a report on the Chinese economy, its economic growth and the responses of the government with regard to such fluctuation in the growth of the economy. The Central Bank of China has adopted easy monetary policy as well as expansionary fiscal policy to heighten productive activities. This paper revolves around the major issues that have been identified as the primary reasons behind slackening of the country’s growth rate and presents a di scussion of the relevant government policies. The effect of the economic downturn on the Chinese society has also been discussed in this paper. Discussion on the economic problem issue China showed an average growth rate of 7.7% in the first three months in 2013 (BBC, 2013). Although this is not a very poor growth rate, the main concern is fall in growth rate and weak aggregate demand as shown by the country’s purchasing power index (PPI) (Chiang  and Standing, 2013). Q2 has reflected slower growth rate than Q1 in the current year (2013). In May 2013, annual inflation rate of consumer price index (CPI) has reduced to 2.1% from 2.4% in April (Chiang  and Standing, 2013). This has aroused concern that the economy might further slowdown in the third quarter of 2013. According to forecasts by some economists, it would become difficult to attain the target annual growth rate of 7.5% (Chiang  and Standing, 2013). The measure of different variables representing the output of d ifferent sectors in the economy is showing a downward trend. This implies that there is not much chance for the economy recover immediately. Private investors are facing high cost of financing business activities which is discouraging entrepreneurs to make new investments. This highlights the room for possible interest rate cuts by the Central Bank of China. It has decide to â€Å"pursue interest rate liberalization† (Chiang  and Standing, 2013) in the latter half of 2013 with the aim of protecting and increasing consumption growth and supporting private investment. Causes of the problem The article considered for the study, highlights certain issues that have led to the fall in economic growth rate in China. At present the rate of infest in the economy is high, due to which investment activities are being suppressed. This has led to low income for the workers in the economy resulting in lower demand. On the other hand warm weather conditions have led to good agricultural p roduce and high supply of vegetables. Therefore price of vegetables has fallen by 13.8 % in May 2013 (Chiang  and Standing, 2013). Figure1: Fall in Aggregate demand in China (Source: Author’s creation) Aggregate supply (of food items) has increased in the short run (owing to good harvest). But the consumers are left with less disposable income, therefore demand for the produce has fallen (as shown by the shift in aggregate demand curve form AD1 to AD2). Hence prices have fallen from P1 to P2. This has led to fall in the amount of contribution of the agricultural sector in the total GDP and overall GDP has declined. Another important reason behind the fall in GDP growth rate is the over dependence of China on its export sector. China has followed export

WRITE A 2500W0RDS ESSAY DICUSSING CRITICALLY HOW SEA MIGHT ACT AS A

WRITE A 2500W0RDS DICUSSING CRITICALLY HOW SEA MIGHT ACT AS A CATALAYST FOR INNOVATION WITHIN A SECTOR OF YOUR CHOICE.ILLUSTRATE YOUR ANSWER WITH REAL EXAMPLES - Essay Example roach towards the assessment of environment which has became a debatable topic globally since it provides a strategic approach to resolve environmental issues and challenges. The work represents the innovative role of SEA in improving the Nigerian Transportation issues and challenges. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a collection of strategic approaches with an aim of integrating the various environmental considerations to support the sustainable development of the environment. SEA is an effort to have a strategic approach towards the various environmental issues which requires critical analysis and participatory approaches for integrating all of the environmental issues and present them in format of policies, plans, and programmes. The other aspect of SEA is to synchronize those policies and plans with the available social and economic considerations to have a holistic assessment of sustainable development (DAC, 2006). The process of SEA helps in ensuring the developmental activities towards the environment which are taking place according to the policies, plans, and programmes developed through the process. The tool of SEA has proved to be an effective measure in achieving the sustainable development in context of public planning and policy developme nt (SEA-info, 2008). The SEA is performed prior to the introduction of environmental impact assessment (EIA) which serve as a decision making process concerned to the environmental issues and considerations. Due to the early requirement of SEA it is also considered as the key approach towards the achievement of sustainable development (UNECE, 2003). The SEA can be described as a method of identifying the way which supports the application of relevant procedural criteria into the decision making process. The underlying concept of SEA is based on criteria such as the functional description of the process of decision making, decision windows, various implications of decision windows onto the environmental

Is global warming causing severe weather Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is global warming causing severe weather - Essay Example Economic science helps to understand economic benefits and material losses caused by severe weather conditions taking into account results obtained by Climate science and Geology. Economic science investigates and develops measures to reduce negative impact of economic activity on climate and global warming. Taking into account the information mentioned above, it si evident that an interdisciplinary research is crucial, because one science is unable to solve the problem of global warming without collaboration with other disciplines. Recent years, hurricanes have become a great problem for many coastal villages and towns around the world. Scientists explain that hurricanes are caused by heated water and variations of sea level. For instance, according to Avery: " The computerized global climate models predict we'll get more and bigger storms as the planet warms", which results in severe weather conditions. Avery explains that "heat in the atmosphere is the fuel that leads to stormy weather," and "weather disasters are occurring with ever-greater intensity and frequency around the world." (Avery, n.d.). So, it is evident that this "fuel" in the atmosphere is the result of human activities (gas emissions and other pollutant) which lead to the heated atmosphere and hurricanes. Nevertheless, there is an opposite view supposing that "the present hurricane surge is part of a 60 to 70-year cycle linked to natural effects" (Briggs, 2005), and has nothing to do with heated weather conditions. Unfortunately, nobody can reject the fact that thousands of tons of mercury, lead, and other heavy metals are put into the water and air each year in the form of liquids and gases, which cause the sea temperature increase. Heavy metals, like pesticides, are long lasting and can spread over large areas. Algae and fish are disappeared and natural processes of adsorption stops. These changes in biosphere resulted in global warming.b) Tornados is another problem caused by heated water. This phenomenon was proved by Carter who stated that tornados are caused by temperature increase and storm chasing. He illustrates this fact stating that 'the escalation in extreme weather conditions over the past two decades has led to an increase in the frequency and intensity of storm conditio ns" (Carter, 2005). Some scientists try to explain tornados and storms as a result of changing weather conditions neglecting the influence of global warming on this process. They say: "When we look at the Mozambique floods, at the storms that hit France, at the absence of winters in Britain over the past few years, at the avalanches in the Alps, we are witnessing events that are now clearly tainted by human actions" (Carter, 2005). The question is "Why changing weather conditions occur" Following Carter, it is possible to say that these changes occur because of global warming. To conclude, it is possible to say that the majority of scientists agree that global warming and "green house effect" are the main reasons why we suffer from

My First Day Essay Essay Example for Free

My First Day Essay Essay My First Day†¦ As of today, August 30th, I, Blah blah blah, took the initiative to explore the entire campus. Today, the temperature could have possibly been right at about 93 degrees, and I decided to walk around this gigantic campus to waste time before my next class. During orientation week, I missed the campus tours because I was too busy sleeping my day away. So, what other way to compensate for lost time than to take my very own campus tour? Initially, I intended to look for the art buildings, but the best thing I discovered after my journey today happened to be the fact that the art buildings were being reconstructed. Just my luck. However, I did find the Knight Physics building which happens to be absolutely gorgeous. I also happened to stumble across the school’s arbortorium. I felt like I was walking through a jungle with my combat boots on and the leaves hovering above my head. I walked around in a circle and found my way to the school of law. The school of law is literally like its own kingdom within the campus. The students had their own law shirts, and the windows of the classroom even had curtains to block the sun out. I know curtains are a pretty simplistic observation, but I could not help but to find that fascinating! I have failed to sit in any classroom that had panels to block the sun. Only in the law school at the University of . As I walked away from the law school, I made my way towards the UC area and back around towards the Rat. Passing the vivacious students lounging with their friends, I hiked around the lake under the scorching sun wishing that I had a bottle of water, a hat, and maybe even some sun glasses. The heat was pretty unbearable. Passing between the Hecht and Stanford towers, I ventured towards the school of architecture. That is one white building. I expected it to be more lavish in its exterior design seeing that it is the school of architecture. I walked past the school of architecture and head back towards Mahoney-Pearson. I know that area pretty well. is my new home for now. As I left the Mahoney-Pearson area, I circled around towards the UC area again and crossed the winding paths towards the Whitten Learning Center. There was approximately 10 minutes left to spare before class started, and the brightest idea that I came up with all day was†¦ to finally sit down!

Literature Review Breast Cancer Screening Health And Social Care Essay

Literature Review Breast Cancer Screening Health And Social Care Essay Journals and articles were searched from search engines like pubmed, scientific journals, Google, Google books, Google scholar, British libraries, Health educator recommendations, and science direct periodic journals from university library. The key words used in searching the documents were barriers of screening, ethnic minority women, breast cancer, promoting uptake of screening, promoting quality of breast cancer through health education, government policies. Demographic statistics, Census reports and population statistics are also included. A total of 39 papers were found through the search engines and the number of articles used in the project is narrowed down to 15 based upon relevance and importance. The methods used in the research articles include questionnaires, qualitative analysis, extensive literature search, cross sectional studies, observational studies, census reports, mortality reports, statistics, demographic reports and review papers. RESEARCH FINDINGS: All the fifteen articles were researched thoroughly to analyse the primary objectives, methods employed, results obtained and comments over the conclusions pertaining to subject of interest. All these are summarised in the table below: Author, Year, Location Title Method/Study Results Comments 1. AK Jain and J Serevitch 2004. The Nightingale Centre and Genesis Prevention Centre, UHSM NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester. Breast Cancer Screening- How do we communicate with women of South Asian origin? Questionnaires and structured letters listing the objectives of study were sent to office managers and directors of 99 breast screening units in UK requesting them the communication practice with south Asian women of Indian, Bangladeshi, srilankan and Pakistani origin. Communication was also requested with units of larger South Asian women population. 67 of 69 questionnaires were returned to the office with particulars of initial Breast screening invitation procedures across the south Asian women, Mammographic, recall and breast assessment information and means of communication with the south Asian women in local languages like Bengali, Hindi, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam. The study reveals that many south Asian women dont get proper information on breast screening procedures and initiatives due to language and management barriers. Pictorial information and motivation in local languages is not given. Distribution of translated scriptures is poorly taken up. Conclusions of the research highlight the communication and financial barriers of the BSU. The recommendations of research include increased initiatives in local languages to the women who dont understand English and increase funding which enables them to improve patient facilities and screening uptake. 2. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network 2005 , NHS Scotland. Management of breast cancer in women-A national clinical guideline Statistics and Doctor recommendations were collected to design a framework on managing breast cancer in women. SIGN was prescribed as a collection of guidelines for managing breast cancer patients and it includes surgery, therapy and care. Treatment procedures like radiotherapy, systemic therapy and physiological care were prescribed as techniques of improving care. Recommendations of care and surgery were include for information. Additional initiatives were mentioned to improve screening uptake among minority women. 3. Jo Freeman Douglas Eadie 2007. ISM Institute for Social Marketing. Breakthrough Breast Cancer Awareness Campaign: ISM Literature Review Six data bases, grey literature and small archives of data were researched on existing data on awareness programmes, current knowledge and perception of ethnic minority women. The research revealed that limited or inaccurate knowledge and awareness on screening programmes to be the main cause of poor screening uptake. Gender, cultural differences were influential in predicting attendance at screening centers. Perceiving importance of screening was major approach to be addresses. Research shed light on the problem areas and risk factors associated with breast cancer screening. Study focuses on multi-strategy interventions like educational packages, Inter-personal support, use of alternative community channels like community groups and ethnic media, Local publicity events like road shows to increase awareness of self examination and screening. 4. A Szczepura 2005. Ethnic review, Postgrad Med Journal. Access to health care for ethnic minority populations Extensive literature search is performed to identify the care process and quality in ethic minority people. Challenges for clinicians, managers and policy makers in ensuring quality care are discussed. Literature search revealed the primary factors influencing quality to be population diversity, linguistic competence, cultural disparities and lack of orientation and training programs suitable for special needs. The research focuses on the case study of breast cancer screening through NHS and identifies four reasons fro failure which are lack of knowledge on self examination and screening among ethnic communities, language and cultural barriers, inaccurate register of screening, lack of references and recommendations by health care professionals. The study concludes with highlighting improvement by interventions to increase awareness, improving risk perception and improve breast cancer screening for minority women. 5. P.T. Straughan and A. Seow 2000. Social Science Medicine. Attitudes as barriers in breast screening: a prospective study among Singapore women A multistage project was conducted to promote better understanding of Mammographic techniques in Singapore women. The methods included phase-I qualitative analysis, phase-II cross-sectional survey and phase-III prospective study. Items on FATALISM index, BARRIER index and early cancer DETECT index were studied as a result of the methods. Apart from the index results, the other important factors influencing screening uptake include social and cultural factors with perception. 6. Abdullahi et al 2009. Public Health. Cervical screening: Perceptions and barriers to uptake among Somali women in Camden Qualitative study was performed on seven focus groups and eight in depth interviews. The study revealed that there was lack of understanding of risk factors and fatalistic attitudes. Culturally specific barriers like embarrassing situation and past experiences accounted for poor screening uptake. Language barriers and cultural factors account for first stage poor screening. Improvement of language and communication in local language along with continuous support would improve screening uptake .Oral information with explanation about risk factors and advantages of treatment would improve health condition. 7. Ala Szczepura 2003. Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry. Ethnicity: UK Colorectal Cancer Screening Pilot Final Report Colorectal cancer screening pilot tests are performed using records of Faecal Occult blood testing. The results focus on the disparities of treatment of cancer patients among the ethnic minority people. The screening uptake studies show the variation in high class areas and the ethnic minority even after equal awareness due to lack of initiation and courage among the ethnic minority. 8. Teresa et al 2007. Journal Of the national medical association. Breast Self Examination: Knowledge Attitudes and Performance Among Black Women A questionnaire was distributed to 180 black women, 18 years Of age and older in metropolitan areas through the church council developed by the authors. Another group comprises participants above 41 years. The survey explained that the frequency of breast self examination is associated with knowledge of self examination. Most of the respondents indicated to have practiced BSE from couple of years. 50% indicated to practice regularly and less than half sample had no knowledge on the practice of BSE. The research revealed that knowledge and practice of BSE is more in the educated class and older people with high income when compared to uneducated lower class women. The study also focussed on attitudinal and demographic variables pertaining to BSE. It also gave a note on confidence and social approval for BSE. 9. Chee et al 2003. BMC Womens Health. Factors related to the practice of breast self examination (BSE) and Pap smear screening among Malaysian women workers in selected electronics factories A cross sectional survey was conducted among women production workers from ten electronics factories. Self administered questionnaire was collected from 1, 720 women workers. Later statistical analysis was performed by bivariate and multivariate tests like chi square test, odds ratio and binomial regression. BSE rates were recorded as 24.4% a month and 18.4% for pap smear testing in period of three years. Women over 30 years and older, women with upper secondary education and above, answered the questionnaire on BSE correctly. Proportion of pap smear tests were recorded to be high in older married people bearing kids or couples on contraceptive pills and answered the questionnaires on pap smear tests. In comparison with national rates, screening practices were recorded as low in the Malaysian women. Health care factors, socio-demographic factors and education were related as barriers for screening. Educational and promotional strategies were directed for better screening rates among Malaysian women. 10. Cannas et al 2005. Survey methodology for public health researchers, Health education Research. Factors associated with Mammographic decisions of Chinese-Australian women Study involved research over sample of population suffering with breast cancer. 20 Chinese-Australian women were recruited for studies from different Chinese organizations like churches, community centres and clubs. Some of the participants discontinued due to discomfort in talking about the disease. Demographic data and open ended questions were used as a part of research An average of 8 informants among 20 participants has undergone Mammographic testing. Among the eight informants, 3 had it more than twice and the remaining four decided not to have any more. Among other informants who did not have Mammographic testing, 8 informants rejected Mammographic testing while the other four never heard about the term despite publicity. The study reveals that there are numerous factors responsible for poor screening uptake which includes organizational factors and influence of significant family members. The barriers were accounted to be fear of stigmatisation, fear of mammography and modesty. 11. Robb et al 2010. . J Med Screen, Pub med central. Ethnic disparities in knowledge of cancer screening programmes in the UK Cross sectional study and questionnaires were conducted using data from National health interview in 1998. The study resulted in enumerating foreign birth place and lack of adjustment to new culture as primary factors for poor screening among ethnic minority. The study revealed that foreign birth place and socioeconomic factors responsible for poor screening uptake. The study also revealed that foreign blacks are better in screening uptake than the Asians and Chinese. 12. Mark R D Johnson, May 2001. Mary Seacole Research Centre, De Montfort University Palliative Care, Cancer and Minority Ethnic Communities Census reports, hospital episode statistics data (HES), Health of Londoners project analysis, Patient records in hospitals and care centres. Palliative care defers from region to region and factors influencing difference were accounted as language barriers and lack of access and knowledge of palliative centres across the communities. The paper defines palliative care in terms of all types of cancer and highlights the maximum usage of this by the local people rather than the ethnic minority people due to lack of access. The paper calls for equality in treatment and increased awareness in relation to this. 13. Jamesetta Newland, Editors memo, The Nurse Practitioner. Breast Cancer Awareness More Than a Monthly Reminder The study is based on the data available in relation to Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure in developed countries to increase breast cancer awareness. The letter highlights the improvement of health care through awareness and availability of genetic testing protocol for breast cancer in ethnic minority populations. The study focuses on the attitude of breast cancer patients and the fear to reveal the disorder. Patient education and support of health care professionals is of concern in the modern day to eliminate barrier of fear. 14. Wild et al 2006, British Journal of Cancer. Mortality from all cancers and lung, colorectal, breast and prostate cancer by country of birth in England and Wales, 2001-2003 The study is based on mortality data of cancer patients from 2001-2003 throughout the country with England and Wales as reference groups. The population data was collected from 2001 census to study rate of mortality. The number of deaths of women due to breast cancer were recorded as 33, 291. Mortality was recorded high in England and Wales and then women born in North and west Africa. Lower mortality rates were recorded in Eastern Europe and Asian countries. The data revealed the mortality rate of women due to breast cancer in England and Wales calling emergency actions and research to decrease the number of deaths due to breast cancer. 15. NCIN, 2010. National Cancer Intelligence Network, NHS, National Cancer action team. Evidence to March 2010 on cancer inequalities in England The Cancer registries are researched extensively for the data on all individuals Diagnosed with cancer. The information includes age, gender, postcode of residence and hospital of treatment. Survey of population samples are also studied simultaneously. Cancer treatment inequalities are analysed to be based on these factors: Incidence and mortality, prevalence and survival of the patients, Awareness of the patient on treatment procedure and stage of diagnosis of the patient, Screening and patient experience during end of life care. The study focuses on inequalities of treating cancer on the basis of religion, culture and race. Numerous case studies are analysed to draw series of conclusions. Activities against the inequalities of treatment could improve the health condition of patients.

Reviewing The Novel No Name Woman English Literature Essay

Reviewing The Novel No Name Woman English Literature Essay Kingston and Tan, both of stereotypical immigrant background, use their memories of deceased mother to build credibility in their respective articles. In Tans Mother Tongue, major themes of language and identity throughout the essay revolves around how the mothers past lives in china affect their daughters lives in this country; just as the daughters childhood experiences effect their identities and adult lives. Likewise, Kingston uses a similar approach by introducing the mother character early on in the essay, with the narrators mother telling her a story which she must never repeat about the aunt she never knew. However, unlike Tans descriptive approach on mother-daughters daily lives, Kingston focuses on the clear parallel between her aunts tragedy and her own deprivations as the daughter of immigrants: the repression of sexuality, individuality, and generational shame. Despite their differences, the power of the spoken and written word is the common theme which gave birth to its relative themes in both respective articles. Being a talk-story meant to be kept silence, No Name Woman is written instead of spoken; Mother Tongue revolves around the narrator and her mothers spoken English, and again, is written instead of spoken. Stylistically, No Name Womans distinctive accomplishment lies within the cross boundaries between genres, dictions, styles, between fact and fiction. The narrator makes radical leaps in time and space, spanning over 100 years of Chinese-American history, combining Chinese myth, family history, and American individualism and rebelliousness. On the other hand, being a significant part of Tans childhood, the limitation in language of Tans mother has more or less influence over her writing style. She criticises her past attempt to create wittily crafted sentence that could prove her mastery over the English language, That was my mental quandary in its nascent state. A terrible line, which I can barely pronounce. This explains the lack of imaginative detail, metaphor and personal musings in Mother Tongue, in which was exerted strongly in Kingstons work. However, it is the simplicity of Tans language that evoke an emotion, a visual image, a complex idea, or a simple truth without the extr avagance of time leaping, non-linear talk-stories to reveal the same emotions, ideas or a simple truth both authors wish to impact on the readers themselves. It is clear that both Tan and Kingston are reaching out to other Chinese-Americans who share their feelings of displacement and frustration. So easy to read., a verdict given by Tans mother upon completion on readings of Tans work, highlights the purpose of Tans essay in increasing the awareness of language in family, home, peer, and work communities: allowing English literatures not only accessible to mainstream Americans, but also the minorities of limited English comprehension. Being a product of the sixties, No Name Woman contains traces of the civil right and womens liberation movements of that time, where Kingston proposes: Women in the old China did not choose. Some man had commanded her to lie with him and be his secret evil she obeyed him. However, it is her struggle to make sense of her mothers story according to her mothers traditional Chinese code of beliefs, that she shares her questions and concerns directly to Chinese-Americans: Chinese-Americans, when you try to unde rstand what things in you are Chinese, how do you separate what is peculiar to childhood, to poverty, insanities, one family, your mother who marked your growing with stories, from what is Chinese? What is Chinese tradition and what is the movies? Having to state that, as an immigrant story for a nation of immigrants, both Kingston and Tans work are nevertheless intended as well for a mainstream audience. The lives Kingston and Tan have to battle through are interesting ones. The opening words of The Woman Warrior set the tone for much of the rest of the memoir, You must not tell anyone, my mother said, what I am about to tell you In fact, after being silence all her life, Kingston becomes a rebellion of sorts by breaking the silence and asserts power over those who have held her back. Such form of rebellious nature is nevertheless expressed in Tans Mother Tongue as she breaks stereotypic cycle surrounding Asians, Fortunately, I happen to be rebellious in nature and enjoy the challenge of disproving assumptions made about me. However, such depiction of unique experience in literature, as present in both Kingston and Tans work, can arguably be deemed reprehensible for its threat to distort Chinese-American reality. As the subject is forbidden, Kingston knows nothings about her aunt beyond the broad details of the story. This presents us with a dichotomy of the ambiguous nature of talk- story a blend of the real and fantasies. Similarly, Tan makes generalisation of the English spoken in other Asian-American families, not to mention her emphasise on math and science, in which Tan describes as what happened to me, not what happened to every Asian-American. The confusion and ambivalence they feel as the author, who were once the listeners, parallel ours. However, just as Kingston writes of No Name Woman: Unless I see her life branching into mine, she gives me no ancestral help, it enables readers to make allowances for Kingston and Tans reinterpretation of mothers word from their own American perspective, thereby encouraging readers too to alter ideas from each article according to their own perspectives. I believe that each of us was Amy Tan, or Maxine Hong Kingston, in some point of our lives. Whether it is through silence, or through talking, reading both authors pieces is like having a prophetic, riddle-like dream: one cannot help but to be drawn into its stories by their distinctive writing style, concepts of cultural language and identity, and its reflection on the readers themselves. With this comes an important point: sometimes we must be far away from home, or to be separated from our roots somehow, in order to realize and appreciate what we really have.

Political Idea :: essays research papers

Throughout time there have always been some philosophers who present theories, which have philosophical themes in religious thinking that, are in connection to current social and political ideas. Thinkers like St. Anselm, St. Thomas Aquinas, and John Hick all express their views and feelings on the existence of God, as well as the human race. Their theories are based off asking questions like why are we here and how do we prove God’s existence? Is there really life after death and where does the soul go? They also explore the ideas and theories behind the nature of man and what relationship that has with the existence of God. With one goal in mind, at three different times in history each have resulted in the same conclusion, that God does exist and his existence is a result of knowing and understanding why he exists. They all prove their theories in different ways, but their outcome is one in the same. St. Anselm takes the Ontological argument to explain to existence of God. An ontological argument is simply an analysis of the nature or being of something, where we would attempt to define the object, to understand its nature and to be able to list all its qualities and attributes. However, it is important to keep in mind the difference between appearance and reality when using the ontological argument to define God’s existence. There are things that appear to be real in the presence of God, but are indeed only an image of the mind. Anselm begins first with the meaning of the word God. According to most Jews and Christians, the term God means one that is greatest in power, in knowledge, in goodness and in reality; which then can be translated to be God is conceived as the most perfect being. Since this view of God that accords with the faith commitments of most believers, Anselm uses it in his ontological analysis. His definition becomes â€Å"that being than which none grea ter can be conceived†, making God not only the greatest being, but yet the greatest conceivable being. Based on Anselm’s definition he makes the argument that for a being that exists both in understanding and in reality, which would be greater than a being existing in understanding alone. Therefore, as Anselm stated â€Å"even a fool is convinced that something exists in the understanding, at least, than which nothing greater can be conceived.

Technology Is The Seed Of Our Destruction Essay -- Technology, Childre

At an early age children are given toys stimulate their brains. Legos, Lincoln logs, even the game Perfection, teach the young ones what shapes are and what they fit with. But soon Legos will no longer be relevant. Younger generations’ new â€Å"play toys† will be iPads, iPods, and numerous other tech gadgets. Our youth will grow up in a world where technology is always changing; having the mindset that nothing can be done without a smart phone, tablet, or computer. Today’s society is so tied to technology that we are losing grasp on the non-cyber reality. When my mother was dating, boys would come up to her in person and ask her out. There was a rush of adrenaline when doing so; the fear of being rejected, the joy if she said yes. Today boys just shoot over a text that reads â€Å"Hey grl, date?† And some texts are lucky if they contain vowels. What happened to romance? What young girls are growing up to realize only exists in fairytales and romantic comedies. Just like in video games, guys are always trying to find cheats, or short cuts. So it’s never a surprise when guys try to take short cuts to hook up with girls. Having phones with the ability to send pictures and search the web, makes it easier to send and receive risquà © pictures. Society as a whole is too dependent on technology, we are addicted to it. People are on edge when they are not around their phones or computers, because we feel the need to post our every thought and action that we had that day. Who really cares if Joe and Gina are eating at Steak an d Shake and feeling happy? No one! But the fact of the matter isn’t if we care it’s that we know. In the article, â€Å"Children, Technology, Problems and Preferences† is defines this act of sending naked pics or close to na... ...ut a public service announcement will cause the need for research, which will put technology to use and the may become a distraction. Doing homework is no longer about sitting down and getting it done. It is now a test of the fittest, who can go the longest without checking Facebook, tweeting, vining or posting what they just ate to instagram. We need to untie our ties to technology and take our lives back. Works Cited Crispo , Alexander W. "The Age of Electronic Fascination: Can’t Live With it and Can’t Live Without!." 2011.4 n. page. Web. Farber, Barry A., Gavin Shafron, Jaleh Hermandani, Emily Wald, and George Nitzburg. "Children, Technology, Problems, and Preferences." 2012. n. page. Web. Allison, Shelia. "Youth and the (potential) power of social media." 2013. n. page. Web. Menon, Vinay. "Blackberry or Spouse? You Choose." 2013. n.page. print

Education on health promotion Essay

The statement of the problem of this research looks into the relationship that exists between education and the promotion of health. The researcher intends to identify how education can be used to promote health in communities and also how the health of the people can be affected by education. Furthermore, the researcher intends to fill the gaps left by other researchers on how the people relates directly with the education they get in other words what good or poor health does to the education sector. It also aims at looking at the various avenues put forward to solve the problem of health and education. Through this research, data that is important for the promotion of health will be unearthed to be used during policy making. The first sub-problem is to determine the extent of the influence that education has on the health of people. The researcher intends to analyze the changes that people make once they are educated on better health promoting habits. There is also an analysis of which are the best areas for this education to be provided. There is need to see whether schools are the most accessible places to the whole community and if the people value the information they get from there. Furthermore, there is need to look at the impact of health policies in schools which encourage healthy eating and physical exercise among the students. The second sub-problem is to come up with the most efficient strategy that will benefit the whole community. Since the community consists of all manner of people who exhibit different lifestyles and backgrounds, how will the health of all these people be promoted? The research will entail posing questions to the direct beneficiaries of health promotion and compare their suggestions with the policies that have already been advanced and get to establish the impact of those comments. This will then aid the policy makers’ once it comes to making policies that can be implemented and accepted by the people who the policy intends to benefit. How are the people to be educated? It has already been advocated that education is important, but how are the people to be educated and how will the education be implemented? Will the people change their lifestyles and who will make them use the knowledge gained? The research project to be tackled is valid in the sense that it will provide knowledge that other researchers have left. It is important to note that after the researcher conducted the literature review, some gaps were identified that needed to be addressed. Much as these previous researchers touched on all aspects of the topic, they failed to adequately show how the research problem could be solved. They failed to identify the avenues that can be used by the policy makers and the implementers that ensure that they benefit the people. The researcher has consulted with the course instructor who is a research expert and has actually gone further to involve the friends to get peer review of the topics relevance. The project aims at improving ways in which the health of the communities can be enhanced. In doing this they inadvertently aid in the national economy. It will aim at establishing the people’s views on the policies put in place and their feelings towards the information they get regarding their health status. Since the researcher has reviewed the literature available in this field and also done a reconnaissance visit to the areas targeted, there is ample knowledge of what has already been researched and there is little possibility of the research being a repeat of another one. Despite all these, there is need to acknowledge that there might be some problems encountered in the filed especially when dealing with people during data collection not everyone will provide the correct information and the researcher has to be careful to avoid recording inconsistent data that is not useful. After choosing the topic and identifying the problem statement, the researcher will go ahead to look for any literature that is related to the research topic. Once this has been done, the articles will be reviewed and understood getting the data already provided and identifying areas that can be improved on. After the literature review, the researcher needs to identify the data collection methods that will be used. The data collected will be both primary and secondary where the secondary has been found from the literature. The primary data will be gotten through observing using questionnaires both open and close ended, having structured and unstructured interviews and also the use of the Likert scale (http:// jan. ucc. nau. edu/~mezza/nur390/Mod4/collection/lesson. html). All these are useful data collection methods. In conducting such a research, it would be important to use both qualitative and quantitative research tools. The quantitative tools include questionnaires; measurements and statistics while the quantitative tools will include observation (http://www. dobney. com/Research/qualitative_research. htm). This is actually an ethnographic approach. By combining both tools of research, the researcher will get the best of data. The questionnaires will be scrutinized to reject the obviously unreliable ones and correct the answers that are obvious. Inconsistency will also lead to rejection of questionnaires. The taped interviews will be listened to again and also the written statements will be analyzed. After the analysis, there will be the coding of the data. This is the interpretation part of the data. The researcher has realized that regardless of the discipline that one is affiliated with, it is important to use both qualitative and quantitative data for the sake of getting useful information (http:// hej. sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/54/3/347). One has to look into how to use the methods available in each method of data collection and choose the most appropriate depending on the research topic and the use of research. The importance of peer review has been revealed to the researcher. An independent party is required in the development of a research project because they provide a fresh view into the research (http://ww. jmir. org/2004/3/e37). They provide opinions regarding the methods proposed to be used and also help the researcher improve on the research topic and the problem statement. By asking questions regarding time frame and the availability of tools to be used they help the researcher become realistic in the writing of the dissertation.

Business Ethics Reflection Essay

A few years ago, my company decided to hire a man of Middle-Eastern decent to fill an open project engineering position. The gentlemen exemplified what the company wanted and needed in an employee. He had the educational requirements, work history, and years of experience in our manufacturing field. He shined during the interview process and stood head and shoulders above the other candidates. My company wasted no time making the man a reasonable offer and he gladly accepted soon afterwards. Within a few months after his arrival, the gentleman was tasked to lead a project to install an aseptic blend operation. The aseptic blend operation had some strict personal hygiene requirements. One critical requirement was no employee could don a beard when working in the blend area. Ironically, the gentleman sported a full lengthy beard in which he wore proudly as part of his Middle Eastern culture. Eventually, an unexpected ethical dilemma was on the rise. My company was caught between asking the man to shave his beard, assign another engineer to the project, or amend the requirement. After a few weeks of laboring over this problem, my company decided it would be in the best interest of all parties involved to allow the man to keep his beard and still lead the project. To do so, my company researched and was able to source large aseptic-acceptable beard nets. The gentleman was open to the idea of wearing the beard nets and the project was completed on time. The virtue, value, and moral conceptual issues in this ethical dilemma were also of interest. In terms of virtue, this man’s character was never in question. He was neither right nor wrong but was simply adhering to his cultural ways. In terms of values, the man’s personal values differed from those of the company’s. The man valued his culture and held it in high regard. As a result, he made a choice to sport a beard that signified his culture and ancestry. On the other hand, the company initially valued their policies. Yet, the company eventually decided to change them to honor the man’s values. Morally speaking, the virtues and the values of the company  and the man were not aligned thus causing an ethical dilemma. Neither of the two was right or wrong but simply had different beliefs. There were several ways in which external social pressures influenced business ethics in this situation. For example, when local Middle-Eastern delegates found about this ethical issue they became irate. They threatened to boycott the company’s products, protest outside of the company, and pursue a lawsuit. The local ACLU, The American Civil Liberties Union, spoke up against the company’s policies as well. Although they didn’t threaten any actions, their mere presence was enough to sway the company to change its policies. Finally, social pressure form the many Middle-Easterners within the community, county, and state weighed heavily on the company. These external social pressures along with internal pressure from employees were too much for the company to ignore. Again, as a result, the company amended its aseptic operation polices. If I was a company and was faced with the same dilemma today, I would have arrived at the same solution. Personally, in this situation, it would be better to amend a policy by finding suitable solutions, than it would be to stand firm. The company did the right thing by finding and purchasing acceptable beard nets rather than fight a lengthy battle in the judicial system and the court of public opinion. Therefore, I would have done the same thing today. If I was the gentleman in this situation, I would have done exactly what he originally did; stand firm and work towards to solution in which all parties are satisfied. I would not have decided to cut my hair because that would have violated my cultural values and personal value system. In the end, the solution was amicable to both the gentleman and the company. This ethical dilemma, although rectified in a reasonable fashion, brought to light other policy issues within the company. As a result, the company hired an ethical officer who oversees all policies, rules, and procedures. Also this individual helps orientate new hires who cultural ways and values are not easily recognized. This has helped the company become more cultural diverse and more cognizant of others who values differ from the majority of  the workforce References: * Managing Business Ethics * L. Trevino & K. Nelson * 2007

Chemistry Lab

The pKa of an Unknown Acid-Base Indicator By: Josephine Hong Lab Instructor: Yue Zhang Due: April 5, 2013 Submitted: April 5, 2013 Abstract: In this lab, the pKa of the unknown indicator of expression was determined both qualitatively and quantitatively. To verify our procedures, the experiment was tested using a known indicator, bromocresol green. Qualitatively, we used the color change of the solution with indicator to obtain the pKa value solely using a pH meter. Quantitatively, we used a pH meter and the spectrophotometer with varying concentrations of the acid and base.The maximum wavelengths of absorbance used to quantify the dissociated and undissociated forms of the bromocresol green were 440 nm (yellow, undissociated) and 616 nm (blue dissociated). For the unknown indicator, the wavelengths were 505. 96 nm (red, undissociated) and 601. 66 nm (blue, dissociated). For bromocresol green, the experimentally obtained pKa value measured qualitatively was 4. 04. Quantitatively, the pKa came out to be 4. 16. The percentage error (10. 47%) obtained was within reasonable range, allowing the same procedures to be used to determine the pKa value of the unknown indicator, Indicator of Freedom.Indicator was Freedom was found to have a pKa value of 5. 32 qualitatively essay writer typer. On the other hand, the quantitative pKa was measure to be 4. 265. Introduction: This lab applies the concept of an indicator dye, which is principally a weak acid that changes colors when reacting with the amount of hydronium ion in a solution. Thus, the qualitative part of the lab assumes that at the point where the solution changes color into an intermediate shade of the two, the concentrations of [HIn] and [In-] is approximately equal. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for them: he pH equals pKa when the ratio between the indicator and its conjugate base is 1. Subsequently, the quantitative portion of the lab deals with the relationship between absorbance and concentration: A1(? )A2(? )= c1c2 Thus, a certain absorbance of a solution can provide the concentration of the indicator and its conjugate base when taking into consideration the maximum wavelength of the two colors. Experimental Section: To reduce the volumes of acid and base needed and the amount of time to complete the lab, the stock solutions of strong acid and base were diluted to at least one-fourth their starting amount.Thus, 60 mL of deionized water was added to both stock solutions of 20 mL HCl and NaOH to create 2 new 80 mL diluted solutions. Part 1: Finding pKa Qualitatively 25 mL solution of the diluted NaOH with 3 drops of indicator was titrated against the diluted HCl drop wise until a color change occurred. To determine the pKa of the indicators, the pH of the solutions were taken with a pH meter when there was a color change. Determining the color of bromocresol green to be yellow when acidic and blue when basic, the point of color change to measure pH was when the solution turne d green.Likewise, the indicator of Freedom was red when acidic and blue when basic, which established the point of color change to be purple. These steps were performed three times for both the known and unknown indicators to find an average pKa value. Part 2: Finding pKa Quantitatively For the quantitative determination of pKa, multiple solutions of varying acid/ base concentration were prepared with 3 drops of indicator. Despite the varying concentrations of each solution, the total volume stayed constant at 20 mL.Before anything, the wavelengths of maximum absorbance were determined first by using solutions of pure acid and base with three drops of indicator. For each solution, the pH was measured before placing them in cuvettes to measure their absorbance values using the spectrophotometer. These steps were performed for both the known and unknown indicator. Results: Table 1: Qualitative Data for Bromocresol Green Trial| pH| 1| 3. 82| 2| 3. 93| 3| 4. 36| Average| 4. 04| Calculat ion of Average: Table 2: Maximum Absorbance and for Bromocresol Green | HCl w/ 3 Drops Indicator| NaOH w/ 3 Drops Indicator| Concentration (M)| . 028| . 0962| (nm)| 440| 616| Solution Color| Yellow| Blue| Absorbance| . 116| . 243| Table 3: Quantitative Data for Bromocresol Green Volume of HCl (mL)| Volume of NaOH (mL)| pH| Absorbance HIn| AbsorbanceIn-| 14| 6| 3. 50| . 055| . 015| 9| 10| 4. 39| . 044| . 048| 7| 13| 5. 30| . 024| . 103| Figure 1: Absorbance vs. pH for Bromocresol Green Percent Error Calculation for Bromocresol Green: error *pKa of Bromocresol Green was found online Table 4: Qualitative Data for Indicator of Freedom Trial| pH| 1| 5. 50| 2| 5. 33| 3| 5. 12| Average| 5. 32| Table 5: Maximum Absorbance and for Bromocresol Green HCl w/ 3 Drops Indicator| NaOH w/ 3 DropsIndicator| Concentration (M)| . 1028| . 0962| (nm)| 505. 96| 601. 66| Solution Color| Red| Blue| Absorbance| . 703| . 945| Table 6: Quantitative Data for Bromocresol Green Volume of HCl (mL)| Volume of NaOH (mL)| pH| Absorbance HIn| AbsorbanceIn-| 18| 2| 2. 07| . 360| . 046| 14| 6| 2. 36| . 374| . 048| 10| 10| 3. 88| . 347| . 087| 10| 10| 3. 04| . 312| . 041| 9| 11| 9. 35| . 148| 1. 127| 9. 5| 10. 5| 5. 95| . 171| . 686| 9. 75| 10. 25| 5. 45| . 230| . 424| 9. 25| 10. 75| 9. 13| . 146| . 913| Figure 2: Graph of Absorbance vs. pH for Indicator of Freedom Discussion:The qualitative part of the lab had room for a lot of errors. The unreliability of visual observation of the slight color change in solution could have dramatically affected the results. Because the experimentally determined pKa was less than the actual pKa for both cases, strong enough color change were probably not observed. Since the titration was performed roughly using drops, the drops could have added more acid than needed, resulting in a smaller pKa.. Quantitatively, the pKa can be determined by plotting the data, with absorbance as a function of pH. There will be two separate lines, one for each wavelength of the two colors.The intersection of these two lines will indicate the point at which the pH should be equal to the pKa. This works because at the intersection point: pH=pKa+logIn-HIn It is known that A1A2= c1c2. Since A1= A2 at the intersection point of the graph, then 1= c1c2= In-HIn. Thus,pH=pKa+log1 pH=pKa at the intersection of both curves The procedure for determination of bromocresol green pKa appeared to have worked, because the percent error was roughly around 10%. Although slightly high, these errors are unpreventable. For example, cuvettes with smudges on the sides would have increased the absorbance readings of the solutions.Moreover, the maximum wavelength is crucial because it is used as a standard to know where to record the absorbance levels of the other solutions. This is because it is where the maximum absorbance occurs for the particular color produced by the solution is. It is important to measure the absorbance levels at these standardized wavelengths to keep the data con sistent and to have the ability to compare the absorbance levels of two solutions without the need to calibrate or adjust the readings. Finally, a limited number of data points when determining the pH graphically could have also added to the error in this experiment. Chemistry Lab The pKa of an Unknown Acid-Base Indicator By: Josephine Hong Lab Instructor: Yue Zhang Due: April 5, 2013 Submitted: April 5, 2013 Abstract: In this lab, the pKa of the unknown indicator of expression was determined both qualitatively and quantitatively. To verify our procedures, the experiment was tested using a known indicator, bromocresol green. Qualitatively, we used the color change of the solution with indicator to obtain the pKa value solely using a pH meter. Quantitatively, we used a pH meter and the spectrophotometer with varying concentrations of the acid and base.The maximum wavelengths of absorbance used to quantify the dissociated and undissociated forms of the bromocresol green were 440 nm (yellow, undissociated) and 616 nm (blue dissociated). For the unknown indicator, the wavelengths were 505. 96 nm (red, undissociated) and 601. 66 nm (blue, dissociated). For bromocresol green, the experimentally obtained pKa value measured qualitatively was 4. 04. Quantitatively, the pKa came out to be 4. 16. The percentage error (10. 47%) obtained was within reasonable range, allowing the same procedures to be used to determine the pKa value of the unknown indicator, Indicator of Freedom.Indicator was Freedom was found to have a pKa value of 5. 32 qualitatively essay writer typer. On the other hand, the quantitative pKa was measure to be 4. 265. Introduction: This lab applies the concept of an indicator dye, which is principally a weak acid that changes colors when reacting with the amount of hydronium ion in a solution. Thus, the qualitative part of the lab assumes that at the point where the solution changes color into an intermediate shade of the two, the concentrations of [HIn] and [In-] is approximately equal. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for them: he pH equals pKa when the ratio between the indicator and its conjugate base is 1. Subsequently, the quantitative portion of the lab deals with the relationship between absorbance and concentration: A1(? )A2(? )= c1c2 Thus, a certain absorbance of a solution can provide the concentration of the indicator and its conjugate base when taking into consideration the maximum wavelength of the two colors. Experimental Section: To reduce the volumes of acid and base needed and the amount of time to complete the lab, the stock solutions of strong acid and base were diluted to at least one-fourth their starting amount.Thus, 60 mL of deionized water was added to both stock solutions of 20 mL HCl and NaOH to create 2 new 80 mL diluted solutions. Part 1: Finding pKa Qualitatively 25 mL solution of the diluted NaOH with 3 drops of indicator was titrated against the diluted HCl drop wise until a color change occurred. To determine the pKa of the indicators, the pH of the solutions were taken with a pH meter when there was a color change. Determining the color of bromocresol green to be yellow when acidic and blue when basic, the point of color change to measure pH was when the solution turne d green.Likewise, the indicator of Freedom was red when acidic and blue when basic, which established the point of color change to be purple. These steps were performed three times for both the known and unknown indicators to find an average pKa value. Part 2: Finding pKa Quantitatively For the quantitative determination of pKa, multiple solutions of varying acid/ base concentration were prepared with 3 drops of indicator. Despite the varying concentrations of each solution, the total volume stayed constant at 20 mL.Before anything, the wavelengths of maximum absorbance were determined first by using solutions of pure acid and base with three drops of indicator. For each solution, the pH was measured before placing them in cuvettes to measure their absorbance values using the spectrophotometer. These steps were performed for both the known and unknown indicator. Results: Table 1: Qualitative Data for Bromocresol Green Trial| pH| 1| 3. 82| 2| 3. 93| 3| 4. 36| Average| 4. 04| Calculat ion of Average: Table 2: Maximum Absorbance and for Bromocresol Green | HCl w/ 3 Drops Indicator| NaOH w/ 3 Drops Indicator| Concentration (M)| . 028| . 0962| (nm)| 440| 616| Solution Color| Yellow| Blue| Absorbance| . 116| . 243| Table 3: Quantitative Data for Bromocresol Green Volume of HCl (mL)| Volume of NaOH (mL)| pH| Absorbance HIn| AbsorbanceIn-| 14| 6| 3. 50| . 055| . 015| 9| 10| 4. 39| . 044| . 048| 7| 13| 5. 30| . 024| . 103| Figure 1: Absorbance vs. pH for Bromocresol Green Percent Error Calculation for Bromocresol Green: error *pKa of Bromocresol Green was found online Table 4: Qualitative Data for Indicator of Freedom Trial| pH| 1| 5. 50| 2| 5. 33| 3| 5. 12| Average| 5. 32| Table 5: Maximum Absorbance and for Bromocresol Green HCl w/ 3 Drops Indicator| NaOH w/ 3 DropsIndicator| Concentration (M)| . 1028| . 0962| (nm)| 505. 96| 601. 66| Solution Color| Red| Blue| Absorbance| . 703| . 945| Table 6: Quantitative Data for Bromocresol Green Volume of HCl (mL)| Volume of NaOH (mL)| pH| Absorbance HIn| AbsorbanceIn-| 18| 2| 2. 07| . 360| . 046| 14| 6| 2. 36| . 374| . 048| 10| 10| 3. 88| . 347| . 087| 10| 10| 3. 04| . 312| . 041| 9| 11| 9. 35| . 148| 1. 127| 9. 5| 10. 5| 5. 95| . 171| . 686| 9. 75| 10. 25| 5. 45| . 230| . 424| 9. 25| 10. 75| 9. 13| . 146| . 913| Figure 2: Graph of Absorbance vs. pH for Indicator of Freedom Discussion:The qualitative part of the lab had room for a lot of errors. The unreliability of visual observation of the slight color change in solution could have dramatically affected the results. Because the experimentally determined pKa was less than the actual pKa for both cases, strong enough color change were probably not observed. Since the titration was performed roughly using drops, the drops could have added more acid than needed, resulting in a smaller pKa.. Quantitatively, the pKa can be determined by plotting the data, with absorbance as a function of pH. There will be two separate lines, one for each wavelength of the two colors.The intersection of these two lines will indicate the point at which the pH should be equal to the pKa. This works because at the intersection point: pH=pKa+logIn-HIn It is known that A1A2= c1c2. Since A1= A2 at the intersection point of the graph, then 1= c1c2= In-HIn. Thus,pH=pKa+log1 pH=pKa at the intersection of both curves The procedure for determination of bromocresol green pKa appeared to have worked, because the percent error was roughly around 10%. Although slightly high, these errors are unpreventable. For example, cuvettes with smudges on the sides would have increased the absorbance readings of the solutions.Moreover, the maximum wavelength is crucial because it is used as a standard to know where to record the absorbance levels of the other solutions. This is because it is where the maximum absorbance occurs for the particular color produced by the solution is. It is important to measure the absorbance levels at these standardized wavelengths to keep the data con sistent and to have the ability to compare the absorbance levels of two solutions without the need to calibrate or adjust the readings. Finally, a limited number of data points when determining the pH graphically could have also added to the error in this experiment. Chemistry Lab The purpose of this lab was to see which solutions are soluble and which are not. We were able to see this by mixing certain solutions together and observing changes that occurred. The procedure for this experiment included a few different steps. The first steps were to add the nitrate solutions into the lettered parts of the 96-well plate.Once you were done with that, you were supposed to add the sodium solutions to the numbered parts of the 96-well plate, so that the solutions were added together. You were supposed to observe the different reactions occurring. Once you observed each reaction take place, you needed to fill out your data table. Data Table: Solubility Rules Table|Negative Ion (Anions)| Positive Ions (Cations)| Solubility ofCompounds| All negative ions are with| Alkali ions (Na)| Soluble| All negative ions are with| Hydrogen (H+)| Soluble| All negative ions are with| All positive ions| Soluble| Nitrate NO3- ions are with| All positive ions are| Soluble| Acetate CH COO- ions are 3with| All positive ions are| Soluble| Chloride, Cl-Bromide Br-Iodide I-| CuAll other positive ions| Low SolubilitySolubleSoluble| Sulfate SO 2-4| BaAll other positive ions| Low SolubilitySoluble| Sulfide S -2| All positive ions| Soluble| Hydroxide, OH-| Ba| Soluble|Phosphate PO 3-4Carbonate CO 2-3Sulfite, SO 2-3| H| Soluble| Once you recorded all of the data, there were a few questions that needed to be answered. A. Compare your results with the solubility rules and/or solubility table in your chemistry text. I would say that my results turned out pretty close to the rules in the text book. I observed many different reactions occurring. The colors of the solutions changed from clear to purple, from clear to blue and yellow, and from clear to a milky white color. There were also changes from a light yellow to a dark almost orange color. B.Do your results agree with your expectations from the solubility rules/table? My results do agree with my expectations, however, I wasnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t expecting all of the solutions to be soluble. C. Which anions generally form precipitates? What are exceptions? Silver salts, Phosphates, Sulfides, Carbonates, Hydroxides. Exceptions include alkali metals. D. Which anions generally do not form precipitates? What are the exceptions? Nitrates, Alkali metals, Ammonium salts, Halides, and Acetates. The exceptions include those mentioned above that would form precipitates. E. Which cations generally do not form precipitates?Na+ generally does not form precipitates. F. Select 10 reactions that produce a precipitate, color change, or gas and write balanced chemical equation and a net ionic equation for each. Remember, a reaction may be indicated by the formation of a precipitate, color change, or the formation of gas. Record the well numbers of the precipitates you chose for your equations. (Co(No3)2+6H2O)+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well A1 (Cu(NO3)2+3H2O )+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well B1 (Fe(NO3)3+9H2)+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well C1 (Ba(NO3)2) )+(Na3PO4+12H2O)W ell D1 (Ni(NO3)2+6H2O)+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well E1 (Co(No3)2+6H2O)+(NaHCO3)Well A5 Cu(NO3)2+3H2O)+(NaHCO3)Well B5 (Fe(NO3)3+9H2)+(NaHCO3)Well C5 (Ba(NO3)2) )+(NaHCO3)Well D5 (Ni(NO3)2+6H2O)+(NaHCO3)Well E5 To wrap things up, I found this lab to be easy but confusing at the same time. I am not sure my reactions were all correct because I thought there were supposed to be some that were insoluble, however, I observed reactions occur every time. I would suggest maybe providing better rules for the solubility table because I was a little bit confused with that at first as well. I enjoyed doing this lab, as I do every one, but there were parts of it that just confused me.

Impact of Marketization on Higher Education in the UK

Abstract Marketization is an increasing phenomenon within the current environment. Every sector of the economy continues to adopt the concept of marketization in a bid to enhance efficiency, effectiveness, and competitiveness of the affected sectors. One of the main sectors identified in the current literature review is higher education. The paper below provides a critical literature review on the basis of theoretical and empirical reviews. The theoretical review identifies and explains the theory of marketization whereas the empirical review evaluates the varied findings and views of the scholars and researchers on the impact of marketization on higher education. The results of the review state that there are both negative and positive impacts of marketization on higher education in respect to UK. Key words: Marketization, higher education, theoretical, empirical Introduction The following is a review of literature on the impact of marketization on higher education in the UK. Evidently, marketization, which involves the restructuring, remodelling, and transformation of publicly-owned enterprises or organisations into market-based entities, continues to be a common phenomenon especially in the current century. Through marketization, majority of the higher learning institutions in the UK have been transformed from being owned by the government to market-oriented institutions to enhance quality and operations. A number of researchers and scholars have conducted an evaluation and analysis on the impact of the concept on higher education in the UK. Therefore, the current paper aims at reviewing some of the literatures explaining the impact of marketization on higher education. In accomplishing this objective, the current literature review is performed on the basis of theoretical and empirical reviews. The review ends with a concluding remark that summarises th e main points whilst stating the stand of the analysis. Theoretical Review Marketization theory describes the functionality of marketization. According to Raffe and Croxford (2013), the theory of marketization provides a good foundation to nations in introducing the aspects of choices, competition, and public accountability, which are essential in enhancing the quality of products or services under production. Evidently, the theory of marketization helps in eliminating different economic problems and concepts such as unfavourable market competition, inefficiencies in markets, and the lack of players and market forces that are likely to influence the production process. Based on the theory of marketization argues it is important to transform an entire economy by getting rid of the planned economic system and allowing market-based scenario to prevail in the economy in question (Quinlan, 2014). Amongst the aspects discussed within the theory of marketization include liberalisation, contracting reforms, stimulating of competition, incentive creation, and outsou rcing reforms that will help in transforming the higher education sector. Other aspects explained within the theory of marketization include the reduction of regulation, opening market-oriented systems, and effective allocation of resources (Xue-chao, 2012). From such perceptions, it is arguably important to note that the theory of marketization explains the fact that through the concept of liberalising an economy all the trade barriers and price controls are significantly removed, which provide space to the various stakeholders to actively engage in ensuring that there is high quality production process. From the perspective of the marketization theory, a number of economies across the globe are calling upon for the deregulation of institutions of higher learning with the aim of making them more competitive within the global market. The 2013 year has been a year of marketization of the higher education system in the UK (Raffe & Croxford, 2013). Throughout the 2013, UK developed policies and strategies towards attaining a fully marketised system especially for the higher education sector. Since 2013 UK has developed numerous and possibly effective policies that are aimed at encouraging the expansion of higher education. Expansion of higher education as anticipated by the UK government through development of various policies has the sole objective of increasing participation of all the stakeholders in education (McNeill, 2012). Increased participation of all involved stakeholders in the higher education courtesy of marketization concept results into a more educated workforce, which has actually enabled the UK to experience a growth in its economy. Indeed, marketization of the higher education in UK has offered a perfect ground-breaking insight on how the government policies can be employed towards altering the structures and operations of different institutions for higher learning especially universities and technical colleges (Xue-chao, 2012). The following section provides an empirical review of the previous studies and views of the scholars on the impact of the marketization on higher education with special focus to the UK. Empirical Review Different scholars and researchers have performed evaluation, analysis, and studies on the impact of marketization on higher education in the UK. Brown (2013) conducted a study that aimed at describing the concept of market-based policies with regards to higher education in the UK. In addition, Brown (2013) also aimed at assessing the historical background regarding the current reforms within higher education in UK especially in respect to marketization. The study by Brown (2013) established that there has been an improvement in higher education as seen within the idea of competition, efficiency, responsiveness, as well as innovation courtesy of marketization. From the perspective of the theory of marketization, Brown (2013) argued that marketization has provided the opportunity for different stakeholders other than government to also engage in providing services of education and learning in higher institutions of learning. Therefore, from the study of Brown it is evident that market ization has positive impact on higher education within UK. The other study was performed by Hommel and King (2013) who sought to find out the financial dimension of specific reforms by the government especially in respect to developing an educational sector that is risk-based. From the corporate risk management literature, Hommel and King (2013) found out that business schools, which continues to adopt the risk-based regulations and reforms to meet their objectives and targets with respect to learning process, face a lot of challenges especially in line with managing risks. In this respect, Hommel and King (2013) established the fact that business schools especially within the ranks of universities and other institutions of higher learning should be careful about their financial solvency through effective and efficient maintenance of functioning risks. Hence, on the perspective of the study conducted by Hommel and King (2013), it is evident that in as much as marketization provides some positive impacts there are negative impacts that accrue due to the concept for instance the increase exposure to various financial risks. Natale and Doran (2012) also performed a study on the marketization of education in a bid to identify the ethical dilemma that exists in the same. From the study, it is clear that the marketing of education continues to be epidemic, which calls for the suffusion of both practices and principles of business in the management of higher education. However, Natale and Doran (2012) established in their study that in as much as the higher education is becoming more advanced, efficient, effective, and very competitive, the idea of exposing higher education to marker-based systems has resulted into increased costs of education. As a result, there is a growing ethical concern, that is, even though on one side the higher education sector is becoming more efficient, effective, and competitive, the cost of accessing such higher education has become higher and unattainable since the pricing has been left on market forces. Such views have also been put forward by Tapper (2013), who argue that desp ite positive impacts of marketization on higher education, the market-based systems have exposed the pricing of higher education to market forces, which makes the entire cost expensive. Hence, there is need to identify whether to enhance efficiency at the expense of the cost of providing education. The other study was conducted by Holmwood (2012) with an aim of analysing markets and publics as the new battlegrounds for the sector of higher education across many economies. Holmwood (2012) evaluated the recent policy changes especially started by the British Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government. The policy by the coalition government is a preferred paradigm shift with respect to restructuring and remodelling of the higher education sector. The findings from the study showed that there has been radical and neo-liberal approach towards transforming the higher education sector. So far, the policies developed by the government have been very successful in enhancing the efficiency, effectiveness, and competitiveness of higher education. However, Holmwood (2012) stated in the study that the only problem with transforming higher education sector into a market-based system is the fact that monocultural perspectives are likely to result into value of what is lost. Despite th e problem of monoculture as created by the market-based systems, Holmwood (2012) strongly believe that marketization is indeed a good concept; a view that has also been supported by Nickola et al (2012). Consequently, marketization continues to be a good foundation for changing higher education in the UK. Conclusion The above is a literature review explaining the impacts of marketization on higher education with special focus to the UK. The review contains two main sections, namely, the theoretical review and the empirical review. On the basis of the theoretical review, it is evident that the theory of marketization calls for the removal of the public or government dominance in the running and management of institutions of higher learning. What’s more, the theory of marketization explains that through changing the higher education sector to market-based system, the private sector is highly involved, which results into enhanced efficiency, effectiveness, and competitiveness of the higher institutions of learning. On a different perspective, the empirical review provides an analysis and evaluation of the various findings by different researchers and scholars on the impact of marketization on higher education. From the empirical review, it is clear that whereas there are numerous positive im pacts of marketization on higher education, the concept also has negative impacts on the same sector. List of References Brown, R. 2013, â€Å"Access to Higher Education: The Shift towards Market-Based Policies in the UK†, DICE Report, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 23-27. Holmwood, J. 2012, â€Å"Markets versus Publics: The New Battleground of Higher Education†, Harvard International Review, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 12-15. Hommel, U. & King, R. 2013, â€Å"The emergence of risk-based regulation in higher education†, The Journal of Management Development, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 537-547. McNeill, T., 2012, ‘‘Don’t affect the share price’’: social media policy in higher education as reputation management. Research in Learning Technology, vol. 20. Natale, S.M. & Doran, C. 2012, â€Å"Marketization of Education: An Ethical Dilemma†, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 105, no. 2, pp. 187-196. Nickolai, D. H., Hoffman, S. G., & Trautner, M. N., 2012, Can a knowledge sanctuary also be an economic engineThe marketization of higher education as institutional boundary work. Sociology Compass, vol. 6, no. 3; Pp. 205-218. Quinlan, K. M., 2014, Everything for saleThe marketisation of UK higher education. By Roger Brown with Helen Carasso. British Journal of Educational Studies, (ahead-of-print), 1-3. Raffe, D., & Croxford, L., 2013, How stable is the stratification of higher education in England and Scotland?. British Journal of Sociology of Education, (ahead-of-print), 1-23. Tapper, T., 2013, Roger Brown and H. Carasso: Everything for saleThe marketisation of UK higher education. Higher Education, vol. 66, no. 5; Pp. 641-643. Xue-chao, Y. H. J. M., 2012, Marketization of Higher Education in the UK: The Perspective of Financing [J]. Tsinghua Journal of Education, vol. 3, no. 015.