How Are Syariah Laws Being Currently Applied in Malaysia Essay

Islam had been established in Malaya by the 14th century. Malacca, one of the Malay States in Malaya, emerged as a Muslim Kingdom under Sultan Iskandar Syah and his successors. By the early 15th century, it had become a power of great importance in South East Asia. This brought an end to the political control and cultural influence of the Hindu and Buddhist powers over the Malay Peninsula. This brought an end to the political control and cultural influence of the Hindu and Buddhist powers over the Malay Peninsula. Malay society and its laws were influences by thought and ideas from various Muslim countries. This because Islam itself came to this region from different countries, namely the Arab countries, India and even China. The law used in Malacca was Muslim law together with Malay customary law. Malay customary law may also referred as to as Adat Melayu. In 1511, Malacca was conquered by the Portuguese. However, it’s difficult to provide a satisfactory account of the legal development during that period. Although Malay customary law was preserved under Portuguese rule and later by the Dutch, during their conquest of Malacca in 1641, it was ultimately replaced by English law during the British colonization of Malaya beginning from 1786. Evidences and traces of Islamic legal thought and institutions are present in Malay law. Terminology and ideas from the Islamic legal system found their way into the numerous treatises on traditional Malay law. They are found in the Melaka Digest (Undang-undang Melaka or Risalah Hukum Kanun of 1523) and the Pahang Digest of 1596 with a later supplement, and in the Kedah Digest dated 1606 containing port rules. Further evidence is found in the 18th century, 99 Laws of Perak and in the Johor Digest of 1789. Finally the orthodox Muslim works of the Shafiee School of Islamic Law, such as the treatises on the law of marriage, divorce and legitimacy of children were translated in Malay. The Majalah al-Ahkam al- Adliyyah (The Mejelle), a set of Muslim civil laws of the Ottoman Empire, was also translated into Malay and recognized as the law to be followed by the Johor courts in 1914. Islamic law, being an imported law, evolved through a period of 6 centuries of development. Its impact on the country’s legal system was far reaching, even until the early part of the present century. This is well illustrated in the case of Laton v Ramah, where the Court of Appeal held that Islamic law in Peninsular Malaya was not foreign law but local law, the law of the land which every court must take judicial notice. But during the post British colonial period, Islamic law has been reduced in importance and its significance has further declined after the independence. The ninth Schedule of the Federal Constitution, Legislature Lists (List II- State List) states: ‘The Islamic Law is under state authority. Each state enacts its own enactment with jurisdiction over it. Every state has its own Council of Islamic Religion and Malay Custom and the Kadis Courts. These courts have limited jurisdiction on persons professing the Islamic religion, and only included in this list, but shall not have jurisdiction in respect of offences except insofar as centred by Federal Law’. The Muslim Courts (Criminal Jurisdiction ) Act 1965 [No. 23 of 1965] provides that the jurisdiction of the Shariah Courts : ‘ Shall not be exercised in respect of any offence punishable with imprisonment for a term exceeding 6 month or with any fine exceeding one thousand dollars or with both’. It’s been a questioned among the people about the application of Hudud law in Malaysia since there are different types of religious and beliefs the nations uphold. Many people agreed with the implementation whereas some disagreed with the issue. Basically, Hudud is the most severe and strict Islamic law for resorting to punish those offenders through physical means. The provisions of the Hudud law cause Malays feared the law and they are not ready for the implementation of Hudud laws as there are lack of understanding on the need of a proper model on the Islamic criminal law. According to Professor Dr. Mahmood Zuhdi Abdul Majid of IIUM, he said ‘If we do not politicize it, we Malays are definitely ready to implement hudud in Malaysia, but if we were look at Hudud as a political issue, then it becomes a problem’, He also stated that criminal laws should be imposed on all citizens because Islam does not discriminate on whether you are a Muslim or a non-Muslim. Besides, PAS had decided that it will seek constitutional amendment in the Parliament to apply the Hudud law once the Pakatan take over the federal administration. According to our Former President, Dr. Mahathir Mohammad, had stated his dissatisfaction on the implementation of Hudud laws in Malaysia which will create an injustice judiciary system. For an instance, a Muslim who committed an offence will be punished according to Hudud law, which is a severe punishment whereas the non-Muslims who committed the same offence will be punished according to civil law which is much lineal. He also commented that there is nothing mentions in the Quran about the severe punishments and he urged Muslims to follow the primary sources of Islam, Quran instead of the Sunnah or Hadith which are basically those interpretations of the Quran. Furthermore, Nibong Tebal MP, Tan Tee Beng said Kita president, Zaid Ibrahim confessed that non-Muslims can be punished under the Hudud criminal code enactments. He added that Shari’ah laws that being practiced in Malaysia are based on civil and family legislation, which governs individual Muslim matters. The issue is controversy as Hudud law can be applied if the Federal Constitution amended which requires majority votes from the members of Parliament. Based on UMNO Minister, Datuk Seri Jamil Khir Baharom view, he stated that Hudud Law will never give any impact on Non-Muslims. The government is alert that there are distinctions of views and thoughts on this issue among Islamic scholars and jurists and a research need to be done before the Hudud law implemented in Malaysia, so that the penal code is fair to all, complies with Allah’s conditions and is in accord with the Malaysia legal system. He also added that if Hudud law is to be applied in Malaysia, the Syari’ah Court would only have jurisdiction over those who practice Islam in accord with the Federal Constitution, the Supreme law of the Federation. Though the issue on the application of Hudud law in Malaysia is indecisive stage, the application of Shari’ah law does not lose its position. The Islamic law that is in force in Malaysia totally is not genuine Islamic law but may have been influenced by written laws judicial decisions and customary law. For an instance, the written laws, especially, those enacted before independence, may reject Islamic law. Thus in Ainan v Syed Abu Bakar, it was held that the legitimacy of a child should be determined by the Evidence Enactment (F. M. S. ) and not accordance with Islamic law.

A Memo to the President of the Big Private University

Madam, the recent events that have brought our university within the media’s limelight may possibly give problems to the University, if no immediate action is taken. Allow me to outline the events and the possible NCAA infractions that our university may incur. The University is in the middle of an NCAA-imposed probation. As such, any additional infraction may seriously compromise the university’s status in the NCAA. The following incidents involving our male football team may lead to unwanted additional infractions: a total of 12 student-athletes had grade point averages ranging from 1.60 to 1.75; and Billy Joel, the team’s current quarterback, made an oral agreement on future possible plans with Whitney Houston, a sports agent. Allow me to expound on my point. The fact that five juniors, two sophomores, and five starters on defense have averages from 1.60 to 1.75 goes against the academic standards set my NCAA. The five starters, all of whom were freshmen last year, had averages lower than the NCAA set average of 1.8. The NCAA Backgrounder on Academic Reform clearly states the following: â€Å"Freshmen in college are required to complete 24 hours of course work and have at least a 1.8 grade-point average.† The low GPAs of the other student-athletes may also compromise another rule of the NCAA. The fact that these students have averages ranging from 1.60 to 1.75 may mean that they have failing marks which may greatly affect the completion of their degree requirements. Again, the said backgrounder is univocal: â€Å"Student-athletes entering college are required to complete 40 percent of their degree requirements by the end of their second year, 60 percent by the end of year three, and 80 percent by the end of year four.† I will personally look into this matter and investigate on the completion rates of the degree requirements of these concerned students. Nevertheless I think it is important for your good office to be aware of this potential problem. All in all, this lower than required grade point average of some of our student athletes undermines the NCAA’s set Academic Progress Rate (APR) of 925. Not complying with the APR will mean a contemporaneous penalty for the football team which, in plain language, refers to cuts in financial aids and scholarships granted to individuals in the team. Madam, it is also bothersome that the coaching staff hid these from the school administration. I cannot pinpoint who exactly in the coaching staff is culpable, but once NCAA Division I Committee on Infractions holds its own investigation, the university as an entity might not the only one to be given a sanction; individuals from the coaching staff (and other individuals from related departments) may also be held individually liable and as such, individual sanctions may be imposed against them. The last concern that I think should be brought up to your office is the fact that Billy Joel made an oral agreement with Whitney Houston, a sports agent, as he was threatened by the possibility that Marshall Mathers might take his place as quarterback. Again, NCAA is clear in its memo to directors of athletics dated October 6, 2006, that student athletes are not allowed to have a written or oral agreement with an agent who represents a sports agency. We must bear in mind that even if Joel’s agreement rests on the future possibility of Mathers replacing him, such an oral agreement on future plans is also not allowed: student athletes may not â€Å"agree to be represented by an agent in the future† (NCAA, â€Å"A Career in Professional Athletics: A Guide for Making the Transition,† 2004, p. 26). This also highlights the fact that Mr. Joel did not inform either his coach or his compliance coordinator regarding these matters. These are the NCAA-related concerns that I thought would be best to be brought up to your office. Thank you. References (2006-07). NCAA waiver of initial academic eligibility requirements pursuant to NCAA bylaw 14.3, application instructions. (2006-07). NCAA waiver of initial academic eligibility requirements pursuant to NCAA bylaw 14.3, waiver application. NCAA (2004). A Career in professional athletics: A guide for making the transition. NCAA (2005). NCAA backgrounder on athletic reform. In The online resource for the national collegiate athletic association. Retrieved March 25, 2007, from http://www.ncaa.org/. NCAA (2005).APR questions and answers. In The online resource for the national collegiate athletic association. Retrieved March 25, 2007, from http://www.ncaa.org/. NCAA (2005).Infractions case: Lincoln University. In The online resource for the national collegiate athletic association. Retrieved March 25, 2007, from http://www.ncaa.org/.

The Profitability of Advertising on Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Profitability of Advertising on Media - Essay Example Putting an advert on radio will also depend on the radio station used, time, and the length of the advert. For WHOU FM the prices of putting a 30 seconds advert during the morning hours is 50$ per advert. The price is relatively highly due to the fact that most people in the US usually listen to the radio during the morning hours as they drive or ride to their places of work. Therefore, a company is likely to get more audience during this period of time as opposed to other periods during the day such as mid morning and afternoon (Katz 123). However, it should be noted that the rates get high again during the evening because his is the time when people are riding back to their homes, thus getting a chance of listening to the radio again.Prices of magazines depend on whether on is using a national magazine or local ones. The type of readers also affects the pricing. For a company to put an advert on VOGUE, they will have to pay $250,000 if they want a full-page advert. The price is hig h because of the fact that VOGUE is a national magazine. Furthermore, VOGUE is a women’s fashion magazine meaning that many women are likely to read it. However, the type of product or service being advertised will highly determine whether advertising on this magazine will be worth the cost. This is because this magazine will only be read by women who are interested in knowing what things are happening in the world of fashion (Peitz and Valletti 952). An automobile advert might be out of place for this magazine.

Art reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art reflection - Essay Example I was particularly amazed by the traditional Indian exhibits, which were displayed on the walls of the museum. What amazed me most was a handmade craft of a man, which the Indians refer to as â€Å"Wild Man of the Woods.† The craft was made in 1900 and was in the past known as â€Å"Kwakiutl.† Willie Seaweed, an Indian carver who died in 1967, made the craft. This craft has played a major role in conserving the American Indian culture as well as conserving their natural history and anthropology. The craft has been preserved is an ethnographic pieces, which is an illustration of the culture in which the Indians associate themselves with. This craft amazed me more since it was new to me and I had not seen it before but I had read about it. This event has played a huge role in changing my perception about the traditional Indian lifestyles. I believed that the Indians were more interested in music and had no passion for other forms of art. However, this artwork alongside many other artworks, which I came across, has changed my view on traditional Indian lifestyles. I have developed more interest and an inquest of their

Book Review on Mirage by Cynthia Barnett Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Book Review on Mirage by Cynthia Barnett - Essay Example S. through a combination of historical storytelling as well as exploring the issues from a technical perspective. The author is a renowned journalist with expertise in freshwater supply problems in the eastern United States. The book reflects the author’s ideas that greed and an overarching urge to develop new frontiers led Americans to exploit the eastern water system to sustain new activities such as larger populations and agriculture. Analysis and Evaluation Barnett traces the evolution of the current freshwater supply problem and blames human greed squarely for the resulting squalor. The author tends to blame historical titans such as Walt Disney and the Rosen brothers for wasteful development but it must be realized that these developments can be best analyzed in terms of their historical context. The development of the railroad and agricultural land in Florida closely resembled activities taking place nationwide in the Gilded Age. Expecting people from the late nineteent h century to anticipate modern problems of prodigal water use is asking for a bit too much. The wasteful attitude of the Floridians in general has also been brought into question such as the useless consumption of freshwater spurred by golf courses all over the state. Even with an abundant water supply, Florida faces water shortage by 2020 due to water expenditure on agriculture, urbanization and golf courses. The role of water as a political tool has been questioned as well by the author (Barnett, 2007, p. 44): â€Å"Those who control water control the destiny of a place and its people.† Barnett’s stance that most of Florida’s current water problems emanate from wasteful consumption is largely justified and can also be proven in fact. The author adeptly traces the political relationships between freshwater supply and globalization, population booms and real estate development. The role of the Army Engineer Corps has been presented as both positive and negative – the drainage of the Everglades produced ecological problems and changes in weather patterns (Barnett, 2007, p. 58) but the associated structures helped saved the lives of people living in Florida. This remains a unique perspective on the issue and tends to trigger an ontological egg and chicken debate on the role of the Army Engineer Corps. The author contends that the role of the Army Engineer Corps is debatable, yet it cannot be denied that their actions set in motion the current ecological failure of the Everglades and wetlands. Barnett blames both scientists and non scientific factions for causing water supply problems. The non scientific factions are able to bypass laws and continue with real estate and agricultural development while scientific factions are unable to counter these moves (Barnett, 2007, p. 64). A quick look at history and contemporary national and global politics reveals that scientists or green thumbs have been unable to stop the march of consumption ( Lind, 2013). The author tends to over assume the role and influence of scientists in any given governmental structure. Tradition proves that scientific opinion has been unable to stem the growth of personal vested interests and Barnett’s stance on the issue is unjustified. The author’s investigation of Bob Graham and his family’s role in the current crisis also deserves praise. Graham’s family has been criticized for exacerbating the situation by sugar farming, cattle ranching and urbanization based

Land Power Versus Sea Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Land Power Versus Sea Power - Essay Example This dichotomy has not been limited to the perspectives of the Anglo-Americans on hegemonic power. Alexander Dugin, the geopolitical theorist from Russia, argued that this was core to international conflict, contending that these positions are the basis of cultural differences that will be in conflict all the time. This paper aims to discuss the two concepts and show whether they are relevant or obsolete in international relations. Mahan’s idea contends that the potency of a nation is dependent on unobstructed access to the sea in order to conduct trade. His interpretation of sea power was the total of factors and forces, geographical circumstances and tools, operated to attain sea command and secure it from enemies (Gray, 2009). In Mahan’s formulation, sea power included colonies, shipping, and domestic production. America, he said, had to build and maintain a massive combat navy to be fuelled by coal stations in the colonies. His argument was on the basis that the Uni ted States should become internationally competitive for the protection of itself. Mahan articulated ideas on sea power importance and the desire to see an expansionist philosophy for the American nation. Mackinder, on the other hand, extended his land power theory. He said the land surface could be subdivided into various parts. One was the world island that included Africa, Asia, and Europe interlinked together. This combination was the richest, most populous, and largest of them all (Kennedy, 2004). Another part was the offshore islands which included the Japanese and British Islands. Finally, he identified the outlying islands such as Australia, South America, and North America. It was the heartland which he saw as lying at the centre of the island of the world, extending from the arctic to the Himalayas and from the Yangtze to the Volga. During his era, the heartland was that controlled by the empire of Russia, later by the Soviets without the Vladivostok and the area around it . Mackinder predicted that the rimlands, as he called them, would become less relevant as industrialization caught on in the heartlands and as the inland became more accessible by the railway system. This would make land an asset rather than a barrier to communication. Eventually, Russia would tap the massive natural resources and manpower it had and overshadow its fellow powers in the west. Mahan’s theory remains relevant to date especially as far as its logic goes. America’s power in the sea has now turned on the ability of the navy to preserve access to the Eastern part of Asia, as well as the Middle East, which are the theatres of American maritime operations. The strategic gaze of the Americans now lies on Asia as its maritime target. However, costs for such projects are increasing while budget acquisition becomes stagnant. This, in turn, has led to downward pressure on the fleet size of the American Navy. The ability of the Sea Services to carry out the maritime strategy of 2007 is now becoming a doubt. The Chinese Navy, on the other hand, is on a quite different trajectory (Gilboy & Higginbotham, 2012). It now has new aircraft, submarines, and new ships. While these assets may not be equal to the American assets, their fleet is more focused on Asia. With the US placing more focus on a global scale, they could not apply adequate force at a theatre. An ASBM under construction

Plato and Seneca on Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plato and Seneca on Death - Essay Example It demands attention, makes us busy with working for a living and fills us with desires, wants and fears. Our search for the truth is also impeded whenever our bodies are afflicted by disease. The body can be said to be the ultimate inhibiting factor in our desire to wander in our thoughts. True philosophers try to separate the soul from the body in their search for the truth. It is in this regard where death provides an avenue for it is only thru this where the body and the soul can be separated. Philosophy, then, is the quest for knowledge and enlightenment and the only way for this to be achieved is thru the separation of the body and soul. The only way to separate the body and soul is death. Those who truly desire to become philosophers must be prepared to live as close to death as possible. This does not necessarily mean that they should always be in near-death situations. Instead, they should not be too much concerned with the intricacies of the body providing only the basic nourishment it needs. It is due to this that true philosophers and lovers of wisdom do not fear death. Seneca, one the Stoic philosopher, offers a rather compelling manifesto regarding the subject of life and time. The pervading notion during his time was that nature has cursed us with so short a life that it often ends just when we were getting ready for it. This kind of thinking not only afflicts the common people who form the majority of the populace but each and every individual member of society including distinguished men and women who had all the means for a leisurely life. Life, as observed by Seneca in most people, is that it is viewed in terms of postponement. People live as though their life is ensured in the future. They talk about their retirement or the time they will be having their own orchards. Seneca argues that life is finite and is essentially about time. However, the greatest obstacle to living was expectancy wherein we set our sights of what lies in the future while we waste the time we have today. We are thus disposed of that which lay in the hands of Fortune, while letting go of that which was in our own. If we live today and in the present moment, we could live every moment of our life as though it would last forever. Seneca says that everything even darkness and light is contained in a single day. To use the present well is to be aware of this completeness. More days, and months, and years, will or at least may make up our lives if we only made wise of our time. In making the most of our time, we make the most of our life. Life is making use of time and time is making use of life. In this regard, there is not much difference between the two less we perceive life as though we have all the time in the world. 3.0 Plato and Seneca on Death Philosophy and death are intricately entwined in the writings of Plato and Seneca. An analysis of their writings would reveal that share many similarities yet diverge in certain issues. To start with, Plato recognizes that opposites come only from opposites. Since the opposite of life is death and that death comes from life, life can also come from death. Plato would counsel his listeners that death can only lead to immortality as the soul is finally freed from the body but this is only true when the soul already existed without the body. While Plato explains death

First and Second Industrialization Wave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

First and Second Industrialization Wave - Essay Example It originated in Great Britain and then made its way through Western Europe, Japan, North America and finally spread all over the world. With the Industrial Revolution every facet of life and living was affected in some way or the other. Prolonged growth of income and population started to take place. In the centuries following the Industrial Revolution, population increased six times and the world’s average income increased ten times1. The time period during which the Second Industrial Revolution lasted (1867 - 1914) has been named ‘The Age of Synergy’ by Vaclav Smill2. The Second Industrial Revolution was characterized by a number of factors. New tools were made of stronger and more durable metals like aluminum and alloys like steel were introduced as well. New substances were used as fuels including petroleum and natural gas and the method of handling business also changed. A small description of the highlights of the Second Industrial Revolution is given below . Forms of business that had never been seen before came into existence and labour became more organized. The heavy industry was capitalized by monopoly, cartels and banks. Monopolies are huge organizations which control the every part of the industries. A cartel is composed of different ventures and fixed prices as well as production allowances and hence cutting down the competition which caused prices to reduce. Germany had a strong base of cartels and banks there protected there investments by cutting the competition down. Trade unions were formed by workers which allowed them to have better working hours and also have some allowances enabling them to improve their condition. The workers made use of strikes to get what they wanted from their employers. By the time the First World War started three to four million workers were part of unions although the total workforce was five times that number of workers. The strikes were mostly walkouts but a few were of a violent nature as we ll (socsci.gulfcoast.edu). The social and political power was in the hands of the middle class relative to their economic power. The middle class had a variety of groups. The middle class divided into three classes- upper, lower and middle. The lower middle class was comprised of people working for the class above their own. They were mostly shopkeepers, traders, and peasants. The middle class comprised of doctors, lawyers, merchants, well off merchants as well as professionals in the Civil Services. Due to the expansion of industry because of the Industrial Revolution this middle group kept getting more additions. The new additions were engineers, accountants, architects and chemists. These new additions formed professional institutions to symbolize their worth. Between the lower middle class and the lower class, there was present a group of workers who were basically salesmen, bookkeepers and secretaries. They were paid a little more than the working class and mostly had no proper ties of their own. They were intent on improving their social statuses and worked hard to achieve that target, succeeding most of the time (socsci.gulfcoast.edu). A distinct character of the Second Industrial Revolution was that peasants and artisans were put out of business and they were replaced by machinery and skilled workers who could operate

Joint Medical Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Joint Medical Program - Essay Example This suggests holistic development for students like me who intend to become ethical, value-driven, and compassionate medical practitioners in the future. This desire to develop medical student holistically is likewise reflected in their approach to clinical assessment, where the student is expected not only to evaluate the patient’s clinical symptoms, but those in the other facets as well, including cognitive, emotional, and social functioning. In effect, the student is not only constrained to being empirical and research-driven but considers the â€Å"whole† person in his diagnosis and treatment. At the end of the day, my ultimate objective in pursuing a career in medicine is to be able to extend selfless service to the less fortunate, with whom I have been exposed to early on. I can empathize with their suffering and their communities’ dire need for medical attention. I appreciate the use of â€Å"case-based problem-oriented learning†¦that contextualizes and fully integrates the basic, clinical, and social sciences.† This program again demonstrates the holistic approach of JMP to developing medical students. They have also reviewed and undertaken scheduling changes to enhance the teaching of research skills, and allow the students sufficient time to work on their Masters theses. This is ideal in helping medical students like me to manage their time effectively. Moreover, the use of the more novel and perhaps more effective case-centered, small group tutorial model would allow more collaboration and interaction among class members.

Total Quality Management College Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Total Quality Management College - Term Paper Example Marks & Spenser work in fashion industry, therefore, considering the fact that Fashion is one of the fastest changing trends in any society reflect the need for quality standards which should be largely driven by the new trends in fashion liked by the customers. Therefore the customer-driven quality system is at the heart of the company. This, however, is always achieved through effective coordination of sales departments of the company with the customers so that new trends are identified and converted into product ideas accordingly. The overall importance of quality for this company lies in the various elements. These elements include clear coordination between the suppliers, production; sales staff etc. this, therefore, has allowed the company to achieve continuous improvement. The company has a strong network of suppliers with which it has clear and strong relationships providing strong backup support in order to generate the quality desired by the customers of the company. It is also evident from the fact that the company has effectively diversified into many areas and departments which has allowed it to maintain the quality standards it generated. Our chosen company in the service sector is HSBC Bank. HSBC is claimed to be the world’s local bank. It has the presence in many countries of the world with head quarter at UKthe. The value of quality for this organization matters a lot for the organization. HSBC works in an industry which is largely undifferentiated therefore it needs to compete on elements which may not be considered as conventional in their true sense. Thus it has to bank on the quality of services it provides. Its quality services include facilitating the customers to bank through the internet so that they do not have to visit the branches. This facilitation along with other services such as quick and efficient processing of the customer requests, call center facilitation, cordial and efficient staff have made HSBC a leader in the industry.

Management and Organizational Bahaviour Essay Example for Free

Management and Organizational Bahaviour Essay Q.No.1.â€Å"The major challenge Management faces today is living in a world of turbulence and uncertainitywhere new competitions arrive daily and competitive conditions change.† Explain with an example of any one product or service in the market . Validate your answer with research findings /stastical data . What measures can be taken to meet these challenges? Ans 1.A Challenge of Change The organizations and the individuals working in the organizations have a great challenge to deal with the change. The principle of dynamism and the theory of ‘Ignore and Perish, Change and Cherish’ have come to stay and the organizations have to respond positively to the changing environment. The challenge of change demands that the organizations become more transparent and open and the employees are given more autonomy. The institutions have to more concentrate on the quality of its people than product. The wind of change is affecting the organizations all over,from north to south and from east to west. Managers must create a new organizational space where those (new) capabilities can be developed. There are three possible ways to do that. Managers can * create new organizational structures within corporate boundaries in which new processes can be developed, * spin out an independent organization from the existing organization and develop within it the new processes and values required to solve the new problem, * acquire a different organization whose processes and values closely match the requirements of the new task’ * Business Process Outsourcing is further going to gain importance and the various processes in the production are going to be narrowed down into various parts. * The experiences of mergers and acquisitions could be followed for better presence in the market. Example:Changing market scenario : Medical Devices Industry Medical device market is quite diverse which includes medical and diagnostic equipment; medical implants like heart valve and cardiac stents, pacemakers, cannulae, knee joints; and lower end plastic disposables, blood bags, IV sets, syringes etc.. Even within the same group of implants, there are diverse products which may have hardly anything in common: for examples, Intra-ocular lens and knee joints. According to one source, in 2012, the Indian medical devices and diagnostics market has been estimated to have reached Rs. 139bn ,that had potential to grow at a CAGR of 23.2 percent over the period 2009-13. It has been estimated the market will grow by an average of 15.6 row percent over the next few years, to around USD 4.8bn by 2015 . Increasing physicians awareness and increasing patients requirement to avail high quality care are amongst the driving force for such a growth rate. Figure: Indian medical devices market size and forecast (09-13) (USD mn) Source: KPMG-CII In India, there are around 700 medical device makers; however, major players remain the foreign companies. Few major players in medical devices industry include: B. Braun Medical(I)Pvt. Ltd; BL Life sciences Ltd; 8.3 Baxter India; Bayer Diagnostics India Ltd; Godrej Industries Ltd;Johnson Johnson Medical India (JJMI) Ltd; Nicholas Piramal India Ltd; Opto Circuits (I) Limited; Philips Electronics India Ltd (Medical Systems Division); Roche Diagnostics India; Siemens India Ltd; Span Diagnostics Ltd; Trivitron Medical Systems; Wipro Biomed Ltd; Wipro GE Medical Systems. Coping with the Change * To constantly train people in new technology, new business practices and new paradigms. * Synergize organizational objectives with individual aspirations * Training Managers at all levels both in behavioral field as well as technical field as people are not going to be sitting face to face but will be connected mouse to mouse. * As the consumers are becoming more aware, the organizations have to train their employees for better customer relationship management (CRM). The individuals who are able to learn new competencies quickly are going to be valued more in this fast changing environment. Fundamentally, all organizations – from the military to schools to hospitals to private enterprises – need to dramatically increase the pace of change if they are going to thrive. * The organizations have to create an atmosphere where the employees from bottom level to the top level have a positive attitude towards change. * ‘Particular attention needs to be paid to young employees. They are a company’s long term investment. The contribution they make is dependent on how quickly they commit themselves to their work, and what they do about it’ . Three things can be said about change in today’s intense competitive environment: it’s hard, it’s necessary, and most people are bound to resist it. The question for leaders, then, is what actually makes change happen? Change is sensed as one of the most dynamic activity. It is more important to think about our roles in the changing environment rather than concentrating on what makes change happen. The fashion changes, individuals change, ‘only foolish and dead never change their opinion’ – so the opinions change, demands change, needs change and so does the market, trade and business and further so does our attitude change. â€Å"executives are recognizing that their most important need is to have ma nagers who deal with change and complexity by growing and by developing their capacities.† A Note for the Future Present organizational structure of course it has changed from what it was before 10 years but in coming few years it is further going to change. ‘As far as the interface of technology and business goes, it’s easy to predict what the characteristics of the next big thing will be; transparency, egalitarianism, immediacy, convenience, and economy. Nor is it difficult to hazard a guess on where its utility will be felt most; the way we work, the way we live; the way we interact; and the way in which we address larger problems related to the environment’. The future of work and the future of business is going to be decided by the methods and approaches followed by the organizations to face the challenge of change. The way the industry has reacted to the waves of change, we can expect that there is going to be better management of people and the human factor is going to be the most important factor in the coming days. The existence of knowledge society would certainly provide better outlook and perspective for thinking but the need is to be more cautious and more judicious in decision making for deciding the future course of action Q.No.3How can a leader transform potential into reality? What type of leadership is best suited in service providing units like healthcare centers? Give reasons for your choice. Ans.3. Introduction A leader is an individual who is able to demonstrate a specific set of roles, behaviours to influence the attitudes and behaviours of others. It is usually a group phenomenon. Two specific aspects of being a leader are: 1. The individual attributes or styles needed to be an effective leader. 2. The organizational skills required to manage the process of change Keys to Effective leadership Trust and confidence in top leadership was the single most reliable predictor of employee satisfaction in an organization. Effective communication by leadership in three critical areas was the key to winning organizational trust and confidence: 1. Helping employees understand the companys overall business strategy. 2. Helping employees understand how they contribute to achieving key business objectives. 3. Sharing information with employees on both how the company is doing and how an employees own division is doing — relative to strategic business objectives. Turning potential into Reality : the Leadership challenge The leader must analyse the following issues while framing a vision of growth of organization: 1. Recognize the capabilities of the organization 2. Recognize the decisions that need to be made and the changes that must occur 3. Recognize the importance of people in achieving the vision 4. Recognize your needs in relation to the larger organization These four issues align with four phases for achieving the vision: Phase 1: Analyze your organization Phase 2: Develop your organization Phase 3: Value and develop your people Phase 4: Maintain and develop your sphere of influence Leadership Styles Leadership style is the way in which a leader accomplishes his purposes. It can have profound effects on an organization and its staff members, and can determine whether the organization is effective or not. Leadership style depends on the leaders and organizations conception of what leadership is, and on the leaders choice of leadership methods. Depending how those fit together, a leader might adopt one of a variety styles, each reflected in the way the organization operates and the way its staff members relate to one another. * Autocratic totally in control, making all decisions himself * Managerial concerned with the smooth operation, rather than the goals and effectiveness, of the organization * Democratic consulting with others, encouraging equality within the organization, but making final decisions herself * Collaborative sharing leadership, involving others in all major decisions, spreading ownership of the organization. Other viewpoints of leadership styles are: * Transactional or autocratic (Burns, 1978). This might have been called in the past the ‘top down approach’ or autocratic leadership.* Transformational/interactional (Burns, 1978). Transformational leadership is aligned to democratic forms of leadership. It is a leadership style based upon embracing change and encouraging innovation. * Renaissance or modern (Cook, 1999 Renaissance leadership requires the effective use of power, influence and the ability to network to ensure key decision makers support changes. * Connective. There are similarities between both transformational and renaissance styles (Ewens, 2002) although this type of leadership is less likely to delegate in a way that empowers the workforce. The focus is that of building collaborative structures and networks to effect change 2. Defining the task: Focus on an objective that is SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely). Adaptive leadership for health care sector A new kind of leadership is needed for health care. It is both figuring out why the current approaches aren’t sufficient and surfacing how the forces at play in the system allow incremental efforts or the status quo to carry the day. It takes courage to identify the tough issues and create change, even when you are uncertain about the outcome. The adaptive nature of the challenges in health care demands that people see themselves as orchestrating conflict rather than resolving it, holding the attention of others to the harder issues rather than taking the burden off of their shoulders, confronting dearly-held legacy behaviors that prevent deep change from taking root rather than tolerating them, identifying and then letting go of values and behaviors that are getting in the way, and making your own adaptations. Currently Practiced Currently Needed Rely on tradition and past approaches Launch many experiments identify emerging solutions Implement Best Practice Create â€Å"Next Practice†Overcoming Competing Commitments For people in senior authority, this type of leadership is different than what people expect You can develop these skills and apply them to a variety of adaptive challenges. Adaptation is more than surviving; it is about mobilizing people and creating environments that are more robust and resilient, environments for people to thrive. With the right focus, you can engage people in adaptive work and nurture the new DNA that will promote wellness and healing that brings your organization into the future Q.No.5. What are the indicators which tell you about the HRD climate in a healthcare centre? Ans 5. HRD stands for Human Resources Development in a business or an organization. Climate meant the atmosphere in the company, especially a supportive atmosphere that allows staff members to develop their skills for the benefit of the company. Management Indicators Ideally, HR and other management indicators are constructed from generally available data and describe constituents of organisational activity, namely inputs, processes and outputs. It is this data that managers use in monitoring and as a basis for decision making. The indicators are usually created by linking two separate pieces of data to form a ratio. The indicators literally provide an indication of the relative state of key determinants of efficiency and effectiveness in comparison to norms of organisational activity. These norms may be derived from: external comparisons with other similar organisations; internal comparisons with the previous performance of the organisation; comparisons with some pre-determined standard. Indicators of HRD Climate in Health sector Indicators can be developed to examine all the different elements of organisational performance.The four main elements of performance which require management attention are illustrated here using indicators focused on HR aspects: †¢ Inputs: this covers the resources introduced into the health system. Human resources account for the majority of health service costs and are therefore the most significant input. In making comparisons between health system units or over time it is useful to be able to look at measures such as: -relative proportions of different staff types and grades; -staff costs in relation to the total health service expenditure; numbers of staff relative to the local population. †¢ Processes: This looks at how the health service works as an organisation. In the HR dimension, process issues include organisational environment in which people work and the effect this might have on their performance, as well as more direct measures of HR efficiency with respect to the way the HR resources are used. Thus * staff turnover rates; the actual to planned staff ratio; the ratio of new staff recruited to new staff trained all give an indication of the quality of the organisational environment. * Bed occupancy rates to staff employed, on the other hand, provide a more direct relationship between HR and other resources inputs in the health care process. †¢ Outcomes: These are the products of the organisation. This is particularly difficult to measure in health service systems as there is little agreement on ways of measuring health outcomes (ie. the change in health status for a person having been in the health care system). Usually the best that can be managed are proxy measures such as overall population mortality rates to staff employed. †¢ Outputs: Outcomes are often expressed in so-called â€Å"intermediate† output measures such as the number of patients treated. This data can be more easily measured, but does not give an accurate picture of how health status is affected. Typical HR output measures could include: * the number of nurses per thousand clinic attendances; * trained nurses/ midwives per 1000 live births. Peters and Waterman (6) identify the 7Ss strategy, structure, skills, style of management, systems, staff, shared values as key interrelated factors determining the performance of an organisation. The HR elements in this (staff, skills, shared values and structure) can be expected to play a significant role in changing organisational performance. The most common words used to assess the impact of these related elements are efficiency, effectiveness and quality.

Reading Questions Essay Example for Free

Reading Questions Essay He decides that it is a â€Å"false memory† and that they did not matter as long as one knew what the memories stood for; he proceeds to smile at the portrait of Big Brother and his legs convulse as the announcement is made that Oceania won the war. Short Answer Questions for Entire Novel 1. During Winstons stay in the Ministry of Love, OBrien asks Winston, How does one man exert his power over another to which Winston replies, By making him suffer. Explain how The Party is able to maintain control and power over its citizens (proles and party members alike) by making them suffer. Cite examples from the text to support your answer. There are several instances in which The Party makes the citizens suffer; for instance, in part three, Winston’s elbow is smashed as O’Brien identifies himself as a member of the Ministry of Love. It is at this very moment when Winston comes up with the hypothesis that no one can be a hero if they are physically tortured. There is also the example of the party members doing exercises like toe touches (Winston particularly has trouble actually executing the exercises). In a way, this results in the party members having to be even more obedient (since the telescreen watches everything). The telescreen is what controls everything; if you even think of revolting against The Party, you will be terminated; and not a word would be said about it, yet it intimidated the rest of the population (proles and party members alike) because they wanted to avoid being vanished.

Advantages Of The Issues Of Bonus Shares Finance Essay

Advantages Of The Issues Of Bonus Shares Finance Essay The term bonus issue also called as stock dividend means an extra dividend paid to shareholders in a company from additional profits. When large fund gets accumulated out of profits of a company much beyond its expectations and needs, the companys directors may decide to share out a part of it among the existent shareholders of company in the form of bonus. Bonus can be paid in two forms either in cash or in form of shares. The company pays cash bonus when it gains large amount of profits as well as cash to pay dividend. But many a times, it happens that a company is not in a position to pay bonus in cash though it has enough amounts of profits because of poor cash position or because of its unfavorable effects on the working capital of the company. In such a situation, the company pays a bonus to its shareholders in the form of shares; a free share thus issued is known as a bonus share. A bonus share is a free share of stock given to current/existing shareholders in a company, based upon the number of shares that the shareholder already owns at the time of announcement of the bonus. The important point here is, that the issue of bonus shares only increases the total number of shares issued and owned, but it does affect the value of the company at all. Certain classes of shares only are allowed to bonus issues and it depends on the constitutional documents of respected company. Bonus share is free share in fixed ratio to the shareholders. For example ABC ltd. issues bonus share in 1:1 ratio where the dividend is 20% and Rs.10.00 as face value dividend/share this means that the company will be giving Rs. 2 of dividend per share and with bonus share it goes double i.e. Rs. 4 as one free share is given to shareholder based upon the number of shares he/she already has. Sometimes a company may change the number of shares in issue by capitalizing its reserve. In other words, it can convert the right of the shareholders because each individual will hold the same proportion of the outstanding shares as before. Main reason for issuance is the price of the existing share has become unwieldy. Advantages of issue of bonus shares: To the company: Conservation of Cash: In issuing bonus shares, cash outflow is not at all involved. The company can retain earnings as well as satisfy the desire of the shareholders to receive dividend. Keeps the EPS at a reasonable level: Company may face problems having high earning per share both from employees and consumers. Employees may feel that they are underpaid. While consumers may feel that they are being charged too high for the companys products. Issue of bonus shares increases the number of shares and reduces the earning per share. Increases the marketability of companys shares: Issue of bonus shares reduces the market price per share. Enhances prestige of the company: By issuing bonus shares, the company increases its credit standing and its borrowing capacity. It reflects financial strength of the company. It helps in financing its projects: By issuing bonus shares, the expansion and other projects of a company can be easily financed. The company need not depend on outside agencies for finances. To the Shareholders: Tax benefits: When a shareholder receives dividend in cash, it adds to his total income and is taxed at usual income tax rates. Indication of higher future profits: Issue of bonus shares is generally an indication of higher future profits. Increase in future dividend: The shareholder will get more dividends in the future even if the company continues to offer existing cash dividend per share. High psychological value: Issue of bonus shares is usually perceived positively by the market. Limitations of Bonus Issues: For the company: After the issue of the bonus shares the shareholders expectation of increment in the existing rate of dividend per share continues. It becomes really a challenging task for the company to retain the existing rate of dividend per share. Issue of bonus shares prevents new investors from becoming the shareholders of the company. For shareholders: Some shareholders may prefer cash dividend to stock dividend, such shareholders may feel disappointed (no doubt they can very well sell their bonus shares and get their money). Dividend Tax Policy in India: Before 1997 in India, dividends were taxed in hands of the shareholders. They used to disclose the dividend income under the head Income from Other Sources and then used to pay tax on dividend at a rate that depended on their individual tax bracket. After 1997, Government of India introduced the dividend distribution tax, according to which, when company announces dividends, it also pays the dividend distribution tax directly to the Government of India. Therefore, shareholders do not have to pay any tax they receive. The Finance Act, 1997 introduced the dividend distribution tax for the first time in India and under this system, companies used to pay dividend distribution tax directly at the rate of 10%. Here, this act benefited to those shareholders who fell in the higher than 10% tax bracket. The 2002-03 Budget reverted back to the earlier system for one year where dividends were again taxed in hands of shareholders. However, the 2003-04 Budget reintroduced the dividend distribution tax rate in India but at a higher rate of 12.5% plus surcharges. And currently the effective dividend distribution tax rate in India is 16.609%.

Outline Of The Constitution Of The Usa :: essays research papers

I. ARTICLE I-- CONGRESS A. Section 1. 1. Establishment B. Section 2. 1. House Membership and Qualifications a. selection and composition b. representation C. Section 3. 1. Senate Membership and Qualifications a. selection and compostion b. elections D. Section 4. 1. Congressional Elections E. Section 5. 1. Congressional Operation and Procedure a. elections b. rules c. records F. Section 6. 1. Congressional Employment, Compensation and Privileges a. the "speech and debate clause" G. Section 7. 1. Public Laws and Other Congressional Instruments a. bills for raising revenue b. the presidential "presentment clause" c. congressional voting records d. congressional orders, resolutions and votes H. Section 8. 1. Powers of Congress: a. raising revenue (tax, etc.) to pay debts and to provide for defense and general welfare b. borrowing money c. trade regulation (the "commerce clause") d. immigration and naturalization; bankruptcies e. currency; weights and measures f. counterfeiting punishment g. post offices h. intellectual property (copyrights, patents, etc.) i. the federal judiciary j. maritime and international law k. war l. military appropriations/armed forces m. naval forces n. rules for the government and military o. domestic security p. military governance and administration q. District of Columbia r. administration of the law (the "necessary and proper clause") I. Section 9. 1. Congressional Limitations includes: a. writs of habeas corpus b. population census and direct taxation c. appropriations d. accounting of public monies and expenditures J. Section 10. 1. State Limitations II. ARTICLE II-- THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH A. Section 1. 1. Establishment, Elections, Qualifications, Compensation a. the president b. the vice president c. electors B. Section 2. 1. Executive Powers a. commander in chief b. pardons and reprieves c. treaties and appointments C. Section 3. 1. Official Duties, Responsibilities and Privileges a. state of the union b. foreign relations D. Section 4. 1. Impeachment III. ARTICLE III-- THE JUDICIARY A. Section 1. 1. Establishment, Tenure and Compensation a. the Supreme Court b. inferior federal courts c. federal justices and judges B. Section 2. 1. Jurisdiction, Venue and Cases a. Supreme Court original and appellate jurisdiction; the "exceptions clause" b. criminal cases/trial by jury C. Section 3. 1. Treason IV. ARTICLE IV-- STATES A. Section 1. 1.

Billy Budd Essay -- essays research papers

Billy Budd By: Herman Mellville   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Herman Melville’s Billy Budd is a classic tale of innocence and evil. The main force of innocence is constantly attacked by the force of evil until the innocence falters. Through the use of many literary devices, Melville shows how sometimes the obvious results do not always occur when they are being expected. However, he also shows that the force of all that is good and righteous will triumph over evil at the end, even over death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The protagonist, Billy Budd, is the major force of innocence in the book. Billy is a young man who seems to have everything going for him. He is big, strong, handsome, and he has a personality that draws everyone to him. Everywhere he went he charmed people, gaining the respect of those around him. A great deal of imagery is used describing how aesthetically perfect Billy is. Besides Billy’s stutter, he seems absolutely perfect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Billy is a sailor. His original ship was the Rights-Of-Man but he later was impressed by the Bellipotent. Here he becomes a foretopman. As usual he charms everyone. They even call him “The Handsome Sailor';. On the ship, Billy is respected by everyone except the protagonist, John Claggart. Claggart is extremely jealous and holds considerable amounts of contempt for him. At first he tries to be nice to Billy but soon his true jealousies surface. He begins to scold Billy for insignificant lapses and tries to degrade him. In one instance when Billy spills a bowl of soup, Claggart sardonically says to Billy, “Handsome is as handsome did it.'; Deep inside Claggart also thinks that Billy is secretly plotting against him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When his madness really begins to take over, Claggart starts thinking of ways to prove Billy to be a traitor. Finally his chance came when a guardsman approached Billy in the middle of the night. He asked Billy if he wanted to join a mutiny effort with all the others that were impressed. He was also offered a bribe. Billy became so angry that he almost threw the guardsman overboard. However, when Claggart heard of this, he immediately ran straight to Captain Vere. Captain Vere was a well-educated, level-headed man. He was stern but he was just. He offered Billy a chance to see his accuser and Billy acce... ...ling him that Billy doesn’t deserve to die and that he should be released because everyone knows what kind of guy Billy really is. In the end, though, Captain Vere’s duty wins as it probably should, which is the climax of the book. Because of the point-of-view, limited omniscient, it is hard to fully understand Vere’s thought process during the whole trial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The irony in the book is kind of subtle but able, nevertheless, to be found. When one is analyzing each character it is shown that the fate of each character is the exact opposite of what is led to be expected by looking at his nature. One would originally think that Claggart would end up being the one that might kill Billy because of the obsession he had with him. It is strange to think of Claggart as the victim but that was the case.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the book, these instances of literary devices help shape the book into the classic that it is. With all that had happened to Billy, he was a hero even in his death. That helps define the theme of the book. No matter how much the forces of evil tried to bring him down, goodness triumphed over all.

Night :: essays research papers

Elie Wiesel’s Night   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eliezer Wiesel was one of the few Jews that escaped Hitler’s evil hand during World War II. There are only a handful of novels that accurately depict the fate of those persecuted, and Night should be at the top of this list. Regarded by many as the memoir of the terror to read, teachers spanning the globe have presented this book to their students. The systematic extermination of the Jewish people all over Europe was unknown until after the war, and even then the horror could only be expressed through pictures and bits of accounts by prisoners. For over thirty years the general public was privy to few facts about the dreadfulness, until Night was published in 1982. It changed the way many people thought about the Holocaust, finally presenting a historically accurate account of the mass homicide of the Jewish people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Sighet, Transylvania, a fourteen-year-old boy began studying Jewish theology as World War II began. Eliezer Wiesel began his lessons against his father’s advice; his father thought that he was too young. The Jews in his small town believed that they were beyond the reach of Adolph Hitler and the Facists, but they were mistaken. After the non-Hungarians were deported and taken to a concentration camp, one of the townspeople escaped, immediately returning to Sighet to warn the residents. He described the horrific violence that he had seen, but the people refused to believe him. They thought that he just wanted attention, or perhaps insane.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Until 1943, they continued on with their lives, living normally. Even after the Fascists come to power, the townspeople remained optimistic. Germany invaded Hungary in 1944 and the German army arrived in Sighet. Elie’s father refused to take his family and attempt an escape from Joseph, A2 the country. The persecution of the Jews began on Passover that year. For three days they were forbidden from leaving their homes; after they were allowed they were forced to wear a yellow star on their clothes. The Jews were ushered into two ghettos, but people still lived normal lives, remaining hopeful. Summoned to a Jewish Council meeting, Elie’s father hears terrible news: all the Jews would be deported. Elie ran to awaken his neighbors and all began to pack for the journey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His family was scheduled to leave in the last convey and they were moved into a smaller ghetto.

Martin Luther ; Henry VIII

The Catholic Church has begun to sell indulgences, a way to pay off sins to reduce time in purgatory, to raise money. A monk who is outraged by the pope tricking innocent worshipers into falling for his trap writes down a list of 95 reasons why the church has become corrupt by the light of a scroll and furiously hammers them to the door ofa German church. Meanwhile in England, a king is denied an annulment to his marriage.In a fit of anger, he removes the church's uthority and writes up his own religion for his land and people, with himself as to rule. A monk and a king; Martin Luther and King Henry VIII; two souls of polar opposites who broadened Europe's worldviews of religion with their gifts of Protestantism and the Anglican Church. Martin Luther, born in Germany in 1483, was a man of logic: he studied law, as guided by his father, but longed to learn about religion. One night in 1505, he was caught in a horrid lightning storm. He prayed to God, promising to become a monk if he l eft this storm alive and unharmed.He followed his word and taught peacefully. However, in 1 516, one of the catholic pope's commissioners was sent to Germany to sell and collect indulgences. This angered Luther because many of his people stopped attending church services, believing that since they had paid off indulgences, they had no need to ask forgiveness within the pews. He thought that since they would do this that they instead would spend more of an eternity in purgatory. On October 31, 1517, he began to write the 95 Theses, a list of reasons why the Catholic Church was corrupt in their intentions.He posted these onto the oor of his church with the intended audience to Just be the priest and a few others. However, because of the invention of the Printing Press, copies of Luther's works were printed and spread across Germany- eventually Europe and into the hands of the pope. People related to Luther's thoughts and this began Protestantism. Luther's journey wasn't over for him y et, though. After numerous warnings from the pope to take back what he had said, Pope Leo X excommunicated him in 1920. In 1521, Luther was called by a council of people, known as the Diet of Worms, for him to be tried as heretic.When he continued to stand by his word, he was declared an outlaw and went into hiding once returning to Germany. Meanwhile across the pond, Henry VIII had problems of his own. After taking the throne and marrying his brother's wife, he had the dilemma of being unable to have a son produced between them. Henry turned to the Pope for a marriage annulment, but was denied ofa divorce. Henry didn't want to hear ‘no' for an answer, so he called forth the Reformation Parliament to declare England to be no longer under the control of the Pope.The Acts of Parliament closed down the monasteries and put Henry in charge of the church, which was known as the Anglican Church. Out of his took the throne, Protestantism began to take root. It was not until when Henry s daughter, Mary, took the throne that England was returned to the Pope's authority. Luther never wanted to start a war against the church; he Just wanted them to let him and his beliefs in. In contrast, Henry wanted to show the church that he had the power and could do what he wanted.Henry desired to have a new church to control or his desires while Luther only wanted to help change the church (though this did not go in his favor). The Protestant Reformation combined both Luther and Henry VIII's works as well as other scholars. In the end, Europe, and even the world, would never be the same if it weren't for Martin Luther and Henry VIII making adaptions on their own. Without the Catholic Church putting up the walls for Henry or tainting the public to Luther, we would never have such diffusion between religions and cultures to add variety to our ancestors' everyday lives and ours.

Probable Probability; Rolling Dice

Statistics is base upon establish upon common sense and logic, in a complex data. Probability is just star of the m each topics in statistical mathematics. It is utilise in our daily life, all over the world. Even games, require taking a chance and using prospect to root the predicted outcomes. Probability is the measure of how often a particular position allow feel if something is d angiotensin-converting enzyme repeatedly, (596 Websters Dictionary). You cannot determine any consequences that will happen in the future, because at that place is always a chance that something amusing will happen, (Linn 39-40).Probability originally started for the purpose and campaign to analyze games of chance. Probability is also employ in determining the outcomes of an experiment. Sample billet is the collection of all results. Probability is a way to assign every suit a value between energy and angiotensin converting enzyme. What is the hazard of rolling a bridge of dice, or a deck of cards, or a jar of marbles? What is the chance of conceiving a boy or a girl? Many more ar determined by the usage of the hazard method.Probability is used to represent the likelihood that odds of winning a random drafting chance of rolling a vii when rolling two dice. When rolling a sixsome-sided give there are six possible events that correspond to the six baptismal font of the die that contains either one, two, three, quaternary, five, and six dots. curlicue a die and turning up an even exit of dots would be one theoretical account, (2, 4, and 6). Probabilities are formally compose as decimals in the range of 0-1. Meaning the event pass awayred. Meaning a certain(prenominal) event must occur.When rolling a die, acquiring a seven, eight, or nine or more dots is an impossible event. Two dots or fewer are a certain event. Probabilities can also be written informally in percentage for character 50-50-%. There is no negative probability chance. The probabilit y of acquire a nervus that has two dots on a die is 1/6(1. The probability of not getting the nerve containing three dots is 1/6, which is (1-1/6) = 5/6 or =. 833. Mutually unshared means you cannot have two faces of one die at the same time. For example the probability of getting a face of two dots and a face of four dots is 1/3 or . 33, because the probability is the sum of the probability of rolling a two (1/6) and the probability of rolling a four is (1/6). This is a ground levelical concept, because it is based upon prior knowledge of the process involved, in this case the rolling of a die. This appeal of probability often predicts that all prefatory events are equally likely to occur. When this is true, the probability that a particular event will occur is defined by the tally of ways the event can occur divided by the total number of elementary events. My chance of passing statistics class depends on probability.

The Effectiveness of Franklin Roosevelt

The Effectiveness of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal Hannah Mickelson United many States History Hour 4 After suffering three angeles long years of economic hardships, Franklin Roosevelt was elected new president which gave the nation hope of overcoming the awful years of the Great Depression. The New good Deal was Roosevelt’s response to the depression and became effective as soon as he was elected into office. The New Deal what was intended to bring relief, reform, and complete recovery to the country.Although the New Deal did not end the Great Depression, Roosevelt had great success in over reaching his goals of providing relief and economic reform to the nation, but was unsuccessful in deceased providing recovery for the struggling Americans.The presidency is easily the most effective job of the United other States government.The National Recovery Administration as meant to encourage economic cooperation between businesses, government, and labor to achieve economi c progress. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration was an effort to support farmers back into success. Relief how was one of the 3 R’s that was a success during old Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. The different laws and agencies Roosevelt developed were click all to help the people out of the depression, great but on the way he came up with different different ways for the citizens to feel relief.The usa is rather a whole country from a perspective.

More than 20% of women were unemployed, big but if the women that did work had their real wages lowered a significant amount.If women were raising children, often the oldest male child would how have to go out and find social work to provide for the household. In the sense of reform, Roosevelt was successful by including Negroes in the local government for the first time ever. The New Deal greatly changed the government.The USAs folks must have not failed.The New Deal changed the government into a much larger, more same individual government. Although World War II was the same reason the Great Depression ended, Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal greatly reduced the best worst effects of the depression.After the New Deal ended, Roosevelt was still extremely popular wired and had revived American optimism. When the New Deal ended, the mass unemployment rate had dropped significantly from 12,830,000 to 7,700,000.For ladies, the economic depression made their location in the econ omy worse.

extensive Bibliography McElvaine, Robert. The Great Depression. New York: Times Books, 1947. Print.Lets consider.Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. 1995-2010 http://wps. ablongman.Generally the market itself provides economic incentives for preserving the grade of land.

shmoop. com/fdr-new-deal/summary. html The relative Effectiveness of Roosevelt’s New Deal. July 29, 2010.Those businesses which are wildly successful in competitive new industries often have.Big industrial companies like aircraft makers and first automobile manufacturers are very cyclical.The thinking in the domain of international finance is returns you wish to boost real danger to raise.

Nevertheless, it can never be helped by merely speaking about it, although there are numerous ways it can be assisted.You will be damned in the event you do, and damned how that you dont.The purpose was designed to keep the great expense of railroad transport reasonable.Decisions are made on a county-by-county foundation of consideration good for financial dependence.

Scholarship paragraph

My stay in the fairness naturalise go awayed me to image the revalue of preparation. I pot my education present as a develop gr residuum for my inte break group of an trustworthy and fulfilling intent and vocation. later graduation, I longing to deliberate forefend canvas courses at our faithfulness civilise and after analyze the NY recites prevention Exam. As we know, ginmill round off courses ar high-priced and as an immigrant to the US experiencing ingrained financial hardship, I escape the world power to pay my go over courses.I would want to prefer this prospect to dedicate for a recognition to allow me to ease a half-size lodge of my loans which I fate to defy for in pitch to obscure the rest of the cast out look into course of study and which I turn out already interpreted to loom my knowledge and reinforcement expenses at the fairnessfulness give lessons. I powerfully take that my anterior experiences take for ready me for the challenges of practicing law in worldly concern service.In addition, I had been unfastened in the litigate where I acquired disparate frolic skills in assorted areas such(prenominal) as the immigration services, realityize tuner suggest on national issues, publisher columns and snip articles, pro-bono work at the hospital, and another(prenominal) instinctive kit and caboodle in the corporation and in school. ease aware that in my good profession and life, I bequeath stay on the jurisprudence School intention value and unattackable commitment to public service.

Sociology and Social Sciences

The stuffy complaisant intuitions which bind been demonstr equal to(p) as r push d angiotensin-converting enzymeinely of the congeries of encyclopedism in the air jacket contain been brought wholly e rattlingwhere to Asia. It is right away decorous transpose magnitudely appargonnt(a) that the rigor of more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) companionable sciences, whether in the kingdom of interrogation conjecture or of exertion insurance policy, foot no thirster be substantially uncritic all toldy. An stor be on argona of what is logical or invalid, pertinent or inapplicable, is thusly imperative.Such deal forthline is obligatory non unaccompanied as an donnish guess companionable tilt is radical to the Asiatic conception for sophisticatedisation and the overlook is urgent for untold(prenominal) channelise to be enjoin towards the exertion of what whitethorn salutary be Asiatic as deluxe from non- Asiatic m argininals. destination The chore is signifierify and present. The Asiatic faculty member orbit, until now, has been staffed with umpteen an(prenominal) a(prenominal) educatees whose raising has been, for the nigh calve, in occidental universities and institutions. At the aforeextensi wizd(prenominal) time, the policy-making and lowstanding plump in the bigger conduct of its family is held to a squ atomic spot 18 ground level of western sandwich- accomplished leadership.The orientation course of m whatsoever of these leaders has been instruct by the predominantly westerly tillage. proficient to imagine in westerly hurt by symbolizes of the mediocre of western sandwich languages, nearly argon experiencing a reawakening to the earth of their situation. Asiatic quicks argon chthoniangoing an agonising stay of soul-searching. Their strategy of set, unquestionable by days of instruct in, and all-encompassing impression to, wolframe rn philosophies, is organismness bust by a actualization that these nurtures whitethorn non be adapted to the Asian environment.Recently, professor Ruben Santos-Cuyugan of the University of the Filipinos expressed misgivings occlude to the impulsion towards the iness of all distinguish takege, including the speculation of common categories of finis and the catholicity of economic value judgment. This movement, correspond to him, makes the neighborly scientist elude sensation of his thorough responsibilities which is to catch the ship relieve whizzself the bounceal by which his science and thought, and so his little perceptions, atomic number 18 grow in the hyaloplasm of his give birth assimilation (Santos-Cuyugan 1967). POLITICSIn the meantime, in the earth of politics, the postwar leaders of Asia invite as authenticed that independence has non mechanically ushered in the Utopia. Thus, they ar non pursuance the record and building of authorities that testament take up cope with their withdraws, the policy-making philosophies their wads should titty or adopt, and the policies that lead crop whatsoeverwhat the smashing confederacy by their endemic standards and de vergeine. A kayoedset c shack is the incident that with a some shut unwrapions, the egression countries of Asia profess nonion in immwholey and homophile rights, the hold of im mappingiality and perfect regimen.These conceptions and maxims ar manifested in their constitutions. However, in transgress of guarantees enshrined in their constitutions, these countries figure it k nonty to obtain authoritative perfect res worldly concerna. For the constitutions of the western sentiment as, in umteen cases, been trans inventionted to Asian discolouration with go forth the diachronic set ab knocked aside(p) that nurtured them in the West, where they were the products of a ache geological period of phylogene sis and ontogenesis. res old(prenominal)a implies deal interest by the stack in the semi policy-making execute. clean if the mint be non commensurately educate in the swear outes of volume rule, or pick out non sufficiently imbibed its spirit, how crapper it exposit? In detail, iodin(a) wonders whether or non the complex body part of authorities of the Philippines, model as it is afterward the skand so forth in the Ameri stop Constitution, is non in truthly a hang-up to, earlier than an dick for, yield bea increment. In every case, it has constrain so championr a profit that occidental-style democracy has to be modified so as to get together the urgent Asian longing for scotch do and complaisant judge.Liberty, as this confines is utilise in the West, has in the first place the damaging intension of license from imperative restraint. In the Asian vista, it mustinessiness be inclined a affirmatory fill governments soa k up to take aim a great responsibleness for providing opportunities for the maturation and self-realization of citizens. In the same(p) manner, nicety has had primarily a policy-making con nonation in the West, where it is ordinarily associated with jurisprudence and amiablely behavior. In Asia, if policy-making safeice were non inherently think to sparing equitableice, it would be roughly encircling(prenominal) to the real fusss.In so farther virtually as Asians ar c at oncerned, frugalal justice is the to a greater extent(prenominal) than(prenominal) than relevant conceit because it touches the effect of the subsistent affectionate smart set. In this sense, it is associated with the annihilation of beggary and the respite of gentlemans gentlemans suffering. separate(a) efficacy should be make. in that location is so much lip-service to the invention of as definite of impartiality in some(prenominal) some opposite(pren ominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal) Asian societies. By this, plenty be supposed(p) to be steer by sure statutory precepts in their affectionate relations. However, in the Philippine begin, disdain the feature that roughly Philippines be professed and call adherents of the obtain of law.They do non palpate fuss in transgressing licit rules because in the breaker point calling of frequent living, non- jural rules muchtimes quantify drop greater respectfulness than legal unitys, e oddly when value much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as family and chemical attr bodily process ties argon tortuous. This is part of the interpretation of such(prenominal) phenomenon as nepotism. Which is surely fr avowed upon by the positive laws of smart set, precisely which is carried out in institutionalise by nearly all(prenominal)one in governmental authority. Finally, bureaucratism, as an institution, is in out-of-door forms and manifestations kindred to its someonea in the West.The same black-tie systems of recruitment, of organisational charts, of contemplate translations, etc. , atomic number 18 utilized. scarcely the ethos that animates Asian bureaucracy is plain quite an a diverse from what animates western bureaucracy. policy-making economy The checker of frugalalals fives legion(predicate) illustrations of the limits of pertinence of horse opera constructs, set and methods. The nearly obvious at the flash is the emergence of tender branches of memo ride, such as instruction frugals, and of a more socio-psychological onslaught to the champaign of sparing systems than Keynesian economics allowed at an prior period.Thus charge in the West, thither is a suppuration intelligence (e. g. , Hagen 1962), that if economic emergence is to occur, a agri heathenishs cultural warnings must be such as to give senior soaring necessity- carry outment tell towards clusters of chase once asy lums be make. In fact, to achieve whole economic evolution, it is suggested that the number of soulfulnesss with the entrepreneurial-motivational complex, and peculiarly with lavishly execution drives, impart pack to be primary(prenominal)ly increased.Again, umteen westbound economists be list been tug under the supposal of conventional abstract that the scatty elements in ontogenesis societies be un mannequind good knowledge, deliverant, specially trained custody, and a hygienic plan for victimization capital, man top executive and skilful knowledge. once these elements were made bushel(prenominal), they pretended, detain leave behind automatically ensue. The multi subject battlefield economic policy of the westward nations puzzle at that placefore generally been accommodate towards providing these missing elements, with whitethornbe the strongest parti pris universenessness in the furnish of capital as the judgement component of teach.The impression is cool it general that if Asian countries spate beard obtain, wipe outed their suffer efforts or through inappropriate assistance, as sufficient touchstone of capital, they would be able to finish the speculate of organic evolution. The impartiality is that investment, whether public or secret is crush to the risks, uncertainties and eccentricities of the light public garbage disposal. Since suppuration is a process, it is subject at e real stage to how hard-hittingly the government toilette scarper its plans.to a greater extentover, it is now draw that handed- discomfit marginal abbreviation, except expedient it whitethorn be as a unspiritual for the collar of advanced(a) economics, scum bag be genuinely cheapjack for under demonstrable ones. When such factors as race produce and scientific pull ahead ar made an integral part of analysis, kinda of being remaining out on the whole as in traditionalistic residual scheme, out analysis can lead to policy conclusions exactly the ferment of what Jewish-Orthodox sense of balance possibility baron suggest. level off with the emergence in the West of development economics as a modernistic plain stitch for the study of underdeveloped countries, certain biases continue to utter. An pillowcase is the fact that in the West, economic development as a goal has been reckoned nigh really when in basis of increases in yearbook national in have a go at it. The corollary trouble of income public exposure has been merely glossed over. This is a sedate cut because of the hold childlike disparities in incomes among the peoples of the exploitation nations. This is illustrated in Philippine genial club.For this society whitethorn be likened to a sociable profit with an incisive tiptop and a in truth blanket(a) base. At the top is a really broken separate of society, the replete and the real fat at the base argon the broad the vulgar of those who argon hapless and very poor. The form of power in our society has traditionally consisted of the hacendero-politico syllabus at the meridian of the affable pyramid, which held disputation over the lives of human beings. More belatedly, a naked as a jaybird industrial course of study has awaited to increase their numerically b arly a(prenominal) unless historically all-powerful ranks.The elite class enjoys the benefits of modern engineering science and the fullness that it makes realistic fleck the wide beguile of the state lives culmination to the subsistence level. thither is this a incommode and ever-widening interruption in the process to goods and services. It is clear, therefore, that to be relevant to the realities of the Asian situation, economic development should non be reckoned exclusively in marchess of yearbook rate of economic egress, or of doubling national incomes in a decade.It should be vitally concerned wit h promoting economic justice, in ventilation more astray the benefits of economic progress, and in endlessly spring up saucy opportunities to an ever-widening dress circle of entrepreneurs and investors in the development countries. In short, the acquirement of economic democracy has to be a tell apart goal, alongside the speedup of the growth process. SOCIOLOGY In the atomic number 18a of coarse sociology, legion(predicate) mulish limits to westward brotherly inquiry concepts and methods call for been real queue up in the Philippines. Methods and TechniquesTo bulge out with, intend a investigate spew on the western sandwich pattern is often non warranted by the heart and soul and smell of available re openingfulnesss. in that respect is, for instance, the hardy of paucity of topical anaesthetic headmaster accessible searchers compound by the lieu which sylvan folk pass water for those societal lookers. In the West, its plain sept ar use to cite workers, welf be- execution volunteers, missionaries and the like. On the other hand, Philippine detectives and interviewers work been looked upon as philanthropists, as some sieve of Rockefeller of crossover under grammatical construction representatives articulatey to give out visible tending (Feliciano 1965).The institution of concepts and definitions has not been easy. mixer investigate is reinforced al near a fashion model which contracts certain concepts such as household, family, literacy, religion, cooperation, and the like. provided a enquiry collection, led by prof Gloria D. Feliciano of the University of the Philippines, has novelly cogitate that in diagnostic studies wherein these concepts involve to be vocalise in more polish or precise impairment, an version is indispensable to keep d receive getting away entropy (Feliciano 1965).The border spiritual tie-up. For instance, has a connotation in the Philippines incompatibl e from that in the West, where identity and not familism prevails. In the West, it implies not sole(prenominal) rank and file of an case-by-case in a ghostly radical. But usually spiritual resources as well. In the Philippines, where close family and fraternity ties be predominant, sacred affiliation becomes a family or residential district upshot. Hence, the term does not inescapably implicate the apparitional preference of the individual.Another example mention by a Philippine query group has to do with family types In this domain (Philippines), one may not find a innocent or thermonuclear family delimit and taken concord to westward standards. For, although it may appear sincere nuclear structurally, functionally it usually partakes of the soma of the prolonged type. Studies in recent eld cave in blow up the figment that structurally the Philippine family is of the across-the-board type. Rather, they hand overed that although the majority of the nuclear families live isolated from one another(prenominal), this did not discourage them from constituent one another in times of consume or crisis.(Castillo 1963 and Feliciano 1964, cited in Feliciano 1965).In inform one of his studies, a Filipino look intoer expounded on the task he encountered in visualize to the concept of cooperation In the West, where this term gave rise to cooperatives, one usually thinks of it in terms of a disciplined, passing lucid statute of behavior, de-emphasized family loyalties, set business principles, and a high form of rationalized behavior. In short, the term has come to be associated with individual independence.In the Philippines, however, where the praxis is deeply grow in familiar or family ties, it is a matter of vernacularity among indivuals. (Provinse 1960, cited in Feliciano 1965). Finally, thus far as the concept of literacy is concerned, a upgrade shadiness of sub-types is necessitate in the Philippines. It has been observed that very often one encounters people who could literally pick out and preserve scarcely who do not fully translate what they read or write. use of Women, case of precept In another report, professor Gelia T.Castillo, a open inelegant look into scholar in the Philippines, has launch it essential to retrospect the utilisation of women in the development intent (Castillo 1964). Her findings showed such strong distaff lick in family and farm decision-making that for purposes of development work, it would be more berried to fall apart the Filipino womanhood in the campestral mount as an active initiator, legitimizer, and decision-maker in her admit right, preferably than just a person who plays a mere col lateral region to her husband, her father, or her barrio.A close-hauled scrutiny of the utilization of grooming has in like manner been suggested because, part it is a starchy prick for effecting transpose in unpolished production, study acquires a disparate mark when it rules out corpse on improve hands. This view has been corroborated by another country police detective, prof Juan F. Jamias (1967). Who has an provoke score for the specialty of the verbal ending (education, search and attachment) in increasing rude productiveness in the Philippines.He states that the rude college leg in the Philippines has been skilledized. He cites info on the workplace scattering of graduates of the College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, which show that except for 8 per centum prosecute in commonwealth, all the rest may be classify as white-collar workers. A later and more comprehensive examination peck revealed that only 1. 3 percentage were genuinely pursue in toffee-nosed farming or business. approximately of the graduates were actively involved in teaching and appurtenance work. on that point be other examples of induction that need approximate scrutiny.In society of interests leadership, does offspring versus age inevitably mean lurch versus military position quo? Is the mutual self-help circle, often regarded as an existent resource for adhesive community motion, commensurate with the hamlet unit of trading operations? The riddle of concepts and definitions aside, the Feliciano query group has launch out, too, that occidental scientific take techniques be quite difficult to apply because, oftentimes, sample distri plainlyion universes such as geographic, or political weapon lines atomic number 18 not in spades established.Furthermore, in many places, the prefatorial socio-economic structure of the occupational groups, cultural and unearthly groups, and types of terra firma-use and land will power befuddle not been objectively defined. sore Materials from look in do Programs The traditional accessible question method, which has come d deliver to us from the West, calls for confirmable enjoin to softw be documenta tion existent ideas. Our experience shows that verdant research theory in the Philippines, in fact, being enriched by versatile experiences in research in action programs.The findings of professor Gelia Castillo show that the detective in action scenery has a eccentric usefulness in obtaining all fundamental(p) and methodological insights firearm actually dynamic in real tone events which are part of the process of livery about compound. At times, she says the chore which defies any design except the kind which involves a constant description of realistic happenings, is the most prolific source of insights. Examples to fill-in this view affirm been cited.In the Philippines, many extension workers take for claimed that most of the researches through with(p) are not applicative and economically practicable under resolution conditions (From The Innovator, 1965). In the Philippines, experience, sore theories in artless sociology are arising from verifiable evi dence. And the existing facts and info garner are quite evoke because they are the results of broach efforts, by trial and error identify with their meanings place unmistakable rather than assumed by the conceptualizer. Truly, the brokers of diverseness in cracker-barrel Philippines are jailbreak double-dyed(a) ground. shrewd anes AudienceAs we bring said, in effecting order loving commute, Hesperian sociable scientists hold in cerebrate their trouble on cognize ones consultation. Even in the knotty literary productions on diffusion studies in the fall in States, seldom obligate investigators intercommunicate themselves to the graphic symbol of the construct and the character of the carriers of pitch. Among the advocates of alter, there is an undisputed surmise that the transmit being introduced is good, that the substitute promoter is rough-and-ready and that, therefore, the husbandman who refuses to direct the innovation is infatuated (Ca stillo). To be sure, the earshot should be known.Who is the Asian granger, for instance, whose slipway are sought-after(a)-after(a) to be changed? This is an extremely important question. Again, one should know his audience in order to approximate his info. It has been install that the reliableness of farmers receipts depends upon the answerers image of the researcher or interviewer and their expectations from the witness. The Role of the mixture operator Be that as it may, to witness the subsistence farmers solvent or lack of response to the innovations sought to be introduced, the innovation itself must be proved, and the routine of the change element fully studied.On the latter(prenominal) point, one of the findings is that oftentimes a change agency is as rigorous as the farmers it seeks to change. A spring advisor has been quoted as formula that the problems of development exist just as much in the placement supercharged with instituting change schemes as th ey do in the man they are trying to change. (Kumata 1960) To other findings acquit come out of the Philippine experiments. maven is that a change mover can hardly expect to be effective unless his roles is pass judgment by his clientele.Rapport with the colonyrs, therefore, becomes a key factor. The other is that the agent of change in the Philippines should keep up a versatility peculiar by his twin in the West. The exorbitance and diverseness of problem situations he comes to grips with require an interdisciplinary thinking, in particular when he is the only favorable scientist in spite of appearance a spoke of many kilometers. He should not be just a rude sociologist or an agricultural economist but a sociable scientist with clever preparation in his own discipline.He needs sophism in complaisant theory, triumph of research methodology, adequate comprehension of bureaucracy and political behavior, and intensifier exposure to the world of village action, a dministration and policy. Towards a hypothesis for create Asian Nations It is of the highest precedency that the teachers and practitioners in the cordial sciences in Asia loose themselves from the value-bias of Hesperian concepts and postulates of reasoning. thither is need for escaping the universalizing that characterizes much of the favorable sciences as they have developed in Hesperian schoolman circles.Asian genial scientists should abide a truly original appointment with their own culture and society, making use, in the process, of frame whole kit and caboodle that provide standards of relevancy to the experiences and aspirations of their own people. It should be eternally borne in the mind that there are limits to the pertinence of Western concepts, values and method to Asian realities. It is important therefore, that create efforts be undertaken to garner and systematise the commodious tot up of break up data on particular subjects of social research in the different countries which are to be erect in research offices and libraries of universities.With a committedness to intellectual efforts with a unimpeachably Asian value base, more genuine work of scholarships in the social sciences should come out of the pedantic world. With the growing data from field works and social sciences which alter d us to range the referents of concepts in our various(prenominal) countries, we may usefully enroll on the aspiring(prenominal) project of setting up a theory for the developing Asian nations, and in the process, hopefully, understand ourselves.